English 版 (精华区)
发信人: Christy (绿叶~~捣鼓六仙捣毁仙), 信区: English
标 题: A Piece everyday
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月10日20:57:11 星期三), 站内信件
Paper tigers
Labour politicians shudder when rightwing newspapers attack. But press baron
s wield less power than they think
Geoffrey Wheatcroft
Wednesday July 10, 2002
The Guardian
Relations between Downing Street and sections of the Tory press, not warm an
yway, have turned colder still since the story about the Blair children's ex
tramural cramming. This comes on top of the bitter if wonderfully inconseque
ntial Black Rod row, and the seemingly more important announcement by Rupert
Murdoch that he would be telling all his newspapers to oppose entry into th
e euro.
That enraged supporters of the single currency. And yet, whatever it said ab
out Murdoch's concept of editorial independence, and although Murdoch obviou
sly deserves his position at the top of the latest Guardian Media 100 as the
most commercially powerful player in the vast "infotainment" industry, it d
oes not mean that he wields the political influence that he might like to su
ppose - or that his critics on the left fearfully attribute to him and the o
ther Tory press magnates.
We have recently been told on these pages that the British press has warped
the course of events of the past century, notably by hounding Labour: "They
brought down Attlee, reduced Harold Wilson to extreme paranoia and kept Kinn
ock out." This might be comforting for Labour, but is it true? Even if we ha
ve a predominantly rightwing, often partisan and brutal press, that doesn't
make it all-powerful. All historical evidence suggests the opposite, that ne
wspapers have remarkably little real power to instruct the electorate or dic
tate policy.
Like Murdoch and Lord Black today, earlier generations of press moguls, Lord
s Beaverbrook and Rothermere, flattered themselves that they wielded great i
nfluence. The reality was that every single cause they took up was a failure
. Rothermere's tenderness towards Hitler happily made no difference, and nor
did his championing of the more quixotic cause of Hungarian "revisionism" i
n the 1930s (where he even had justice on his side: the 1920 "Trianon" borde
rs were grossly unfair to Hungary).
In his notorious evidence to the royal commission on the press, Beaverbrook
said that he ran his papers purely for the purposes of propaganda. In that c
ase his career was strikingly unsuccessful. In the 1930s he campaigned for E
mpire Free Trade; in the 1940s he tried to block the postwar American loan;
in the 1960s, with his last gasp, he fought against British entry into the C
ommon Market. It was a hat-trick of failures. Again, he may well have been r
ight about the loan, a landmark of financial servitude, but he was still pow
erless to stop it.
Twice Beaverbrook directly challenged party leaders. In 1930, he and Rotherm
ere formed the United Empire party and one of its candidates defeated the of
ficial Tory at a byelection. Baldwin's leadership of the party suddenly seem
ed shaky. By way of response, as AJP Taylor put it, Baldwin "appealed to the
general prejudice against the press lords", denouncing in a famous phrase (
supplied by his cousin, Kipling) "power without responsibility - the preroga
tive of the harlot throughout the ages".
The harlots were routed and Baldwin's position was never again challenged. T
aylor was an historian with some experience of journalism himself, and he ad
ded shrewdly that "the popular newspapers supplied news and, more often, ent
ertainment; they did not direct opinion". Those words are just as valid toda
y. Then, as now, the popular press in a capitalist society exists to sell ne
wspapers, not ideas.
At the 1945 election, Attlee and Labour were harried with venomous unfairnes
s by Beaverbrook in his papers. He also egged on Churchill to give a most un
wise broadcast claiming that "socialism is inseparably intertwined with tota
litarianism". The next day, Attlee calmly replied, "The voice we heard last
night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of Lord Beaverbrook" -
and Labour went on to win its historic landslide.
A little more than six years later Attlee was out of office, but I defy anyo
ne to find a serious historian who thinks that the press brought down his go
vernment. It was beset by many, largely self-inflicted, difficulties and int
ernal quarrels, though even so Attlee narrowly won the election in 1950, and
then unnecessarily called an election the following year, when Labour could
claim that they were robbed (the Tories won the most seats, but Labour won
a quarter- million more popular votes).
Nor did a predominantly hostile press stop Labour winning in 1964 and 1966.
If Wilson was subsequently reduced to paranoia, that was his problem, in eve
ry sense. And it would be paranoid also to think that Labour's failures in t
he four elections from 1979 could be be attributed to the press. It was the
Sun wot won it in 1992? No it wasn't. Admittedly it was quite a feat to lose
to John Major in the depths of a recession, but Labour's real problem was J
ohn Smith's tax plans - or so Tony Blair has always been convinced.
The idea that the press wields great power has been given colour by Blair's
obsequious courtship of rightwing proprietors, editors and commentators but,
as with Wilson, that says more about him than about them. Even now it is op
en to the prime minister to attack irresponsible harlotry, or, come the refe
rendum, to say, "The voice we heard was Mr Duncan Smith's but the mind was M
r Murdoch's."
That doesn't seem very likely, but it's not actually impossible to stand up
to media moguls. The Australian prime minister, John Howard (a Liberal, mean
ing conservative, be it noted), has publicly told Rupert Murdoch what to do
in a colloquial phrase, the second of whose two words is "off". It might lac
k Kipling's orotund grandeur, but it's eloquent enough. What's to stop Tony
Blair saying as much? And, if all the evidence of the political influence of
the press over the past century is anything to go by, mightn't Murdoch's in
tervention be the best news the pro-euro lobby could wish for?
--
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