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发信人: Christy (绿叶~~捣鼓六仙捣毁仙), 信区: English
标 题: A Piece everyday
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月23日23:13:20 星期二), 站内信件
Free markets have failed a continent
Latin America is gagging on the prescriptions of the Bush family
Isabel Hilton
Tuesday July 23, 2002
The Guardian
When George Bush came to power, he was not reputed to be a man with an exten
sive grasp of the world outside the US. There was, though, one area that he
was thought to know a little about. As governor of Texas, he had charge of t
he largest Latino communities in the US and, it was said, spoke Spanish. Lat
in America, at least, now had a US president who might understand.
Bush's reputation as a master of the Latin American brief took a knock when
he confessed his amazement to Brazil's urbane and intellectual president, Fe
rnando Henrique Cardoso, that Brazil's population was not entirely white. "Y
ou mean, you have blacks too?" he said. But then, they speak Portuguese in B
razil, so perhaps it was a special blind spot. Let's hope so, because far fr
om thriving since George Bush became US president, Latin America is looking
distinctly frayed.
Ten years ago, the view from Washington was that Latin America was a success
story. Democracy had returned to countries that for years had suffered dict
atorships - most of them, as it happened, overtly or covertly supported by t
he US. Only Cuba was left as a lonely memory of a different world and Castro
, surely, could not last much longer.
Even more important, the new governments had been persuaded to abandon the e
conomic protectionism that had been the region's predominant economic orthod
oxy in favour of free-market liberalism. Prosperity, the new orthodoxy said,
would surely follow.
For some it did. But for the majority, the story of the 90s was one of a ste
adily widening income gap between the few who prospered under regimes of pri
vatisation and free markets, and the rest. Now, even that thin prosperity is
a fading memory.
Castro is still there and has a new ally in Venezuela's Hugo Chavez, who sur
vived a coup attempt earlier this year, to Washington's ill-concealed disapp
ointment. He remains in power, delivering a message of defiance of the US an
d populist promises of creation and welfare. At least he remains popular. In
Paraguay, President Luis Gonzalez Macchi declared a state of emergency this
month after protests against free-market policies left two people dead. He
was forced to scrap a privatisation drive which was a condition for a standb
y loan from the IMF. In Bolivia, too, miners recently took to the streets to
protest against free-market policies. In Guatemala, where serious malnutrit
ion has been reported, a peace settlement reached after more than 30 years o
f civil war is coming apart.
And in Argentina, the country that most faithfully followed the the free mar
ket and prescriptions of the IMF, national income has shrunk by nearly two-t
hirds in a year. More than half the people of this once comfortable country
are below the poverty line and protests have become a way of life. So absolu
te is the loss of confidence in government that even former President Raul A
lfonsin, who bears no responsibility for the crisis, can hardly venture out
for fear of public reaction. It seems only a matter of time before a new dem
agogue emerges.
Argentina's collapse has taken place with scarcely a murmur from the rest of
the world and, even now, the remedies offered by the IMF and the World Bank
prescribe yet more politically unsustainable pain.
Colombia, the country with which the US is most directly involved, has a new
president-elect, Alvaro Uribe, whose authoritarian instincts were summed up
in his campaign slogan, "Firm hand, big heart". Last week, he visited Brita
in, promoting his ideas for dealing with Colombia's 40-year civil war and dr
ugs crisis. A ceasefire negotiated under the previous president, Andres Past
rana, unravelled in the final weeks of his mandate.
Uribe wants to arm a civilian militia a million strong, a move that will dra
g into the war a rural population that desperately wants to stay out of it.
He plans, too, to weaken the powers of the judicial body that can prosecute
those in the army responsible for human rights abuses. He has been in Washin
gton arguing for more military aid and a lifting of restrictions on how it i
s used. What began as a major US intervention in the name of the war on drug
s has morphed seamlessly into a military intervention into Colombia's intrac
table politics.
It is a dismal panorama and requires attention, particularly from the region
al superpower. The team that Bush put in place to attend to Latin America bo
re a startling resemblance to the one his father relied on when the seeds of
today's triumph were planted. Their policy involved support for rightwing r
egimes, overt and covert military intervention and turning a blind eye to sy
stematic human rights abuses - all in the name of fighting for democracy and
the free markets. These arrived and, across the continent, there is rage an
d hunger. As far as the people on the streets are concerned, the experiment
has failed.
--
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