English 版 (精华区)
发信人: Vicissitudes (命运), 信区: English
标 题: A Piece everyday
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年08月01日18:58:48 星期四), 站内信件
The great fall of China
Raise the Red Lantern, Farewell My Concubine... the People's Republic was on
ce a major force in world cinema. What went wrong?
Steve Rose
Thursday August 1, 2002
The Guardian
A decade ago the Chinese directors Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige were the kings
of the arthouse world. Their films, including Raise the Red Lantern and Far
ewell My Concubine, reaped respectable box-office, critical praise, and an a
stonishing haul of awards at major festivals: six prizes at Cannes, five Osc
ar nominations, Baftas, awards at Venice and Berlin.
Fast-forward to the present day and awards ceremonies are dominated by Irani
an directors. Zhang's last two releases, Not One Less and The Road Home, wer
e well received and won awards, but the public has almost ignored them. His
next release, Happy Times, due in September, seems set to suffer a similar f
ate. Chen has fared even worse after an ill-advised switch to English-langua
ge film-making that resulted in the critically mauled sex thriller Killing M
e Softly. At the same time, films by younger Chinese directors - such as the
recent Shower and Beijing Bicycle, and this week's Platform - stand little
chance of scaling the heights of Chinese film's golden years.
Outside the People's Republic, Chinese cinema has been doing magnificently.
Beyond the flow of Hong Kong talent and techniques to Hollywood, the arthous
e directors of Taiwan and Hong Kong, such as Edward Yang and Wong Kar-wai, a
re enjoying considerable success. And then there was the world-beating pheno
menon of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. So why has mainland Chinese cinema
faded into insignificance?
Part of the answer lies in the question of what made Chinese cinema so great
in the first place. When Zhang and Chen came on to the scene, China was sti
ll effectively a closed country, its film-makers forced to operate under res
trictive conditions in state-run studios. Zhang, Chen and other members of t
he so-called Fifth Generation were students of the Beijing Film Academy. Dur
ing the cultural revolution Chen had had to denounce his own father, while Z
hang had been ostracised for his father's counterrevolutionary activity and
made to work in factories for 10 years before being allowed into film school
.
By the time they graduated, Chen and Zhang had developed a healthy contempt
for their country that they were unable to express directly. Starting with 1
984's Yellow Earth (directed by Chen and filmed by Zhang), the Fifth Generat
ion produced a run of sumptuous films - many starring Zhang's then partner,
Gong Li - that combined technical excellence, high drama, social history and
veiled political rage.
Festival juries tend to love this kind of thing, especially when it comes ou
t of a politically repressive and relatively unvisited part of the world. Zh
ang and Chen's films were almost all banned in China, made with foreign assi
stance and shown at festivals without the approval of the Chinese authoritie
s. The awards stacked up; so did the foreign financing and the international
distribution deals. Everybody was happy. It couldn't last.
Flush with cash and kudos, Chen upped the stakes with 1999's The Emperor and
the Assassin, a historical drama starring Gong Li and several thousand swor
d-waving extras. At the time it was the most expensive Chinese movie ever ma
de, but it recouped only a small fraction of its costs. Meanwhile, the Chine
se authorities' patience with Zhang ran out. After he screened his film To L
ive at Cannes without their permission in 1994, he was banned from receiving
foreign assistance for five years.
By the time Zhang returned, the arthouse baton had moved west. International
audiences were now getting worthier, riskier and more exotic cinema from mo
dest Iranian directors such as Abbas Kiarostami and Mohsen Makhmalbaf. Zhang
's comeback film, Not One Less, appeared to acknowledge this. It featured st
ruggling children in poor rural settings: it was Kiarostami in China.
While the Fifth Generation was going global, a Sixth Generation was waiting
in the wings. Also graduates of the Beijing Film Academy, these film-makers
rebelled as much against the glossy historicism of their predecessors as aga
inst the Chinese authorities. What the cultural revolution was to the Fifth
Generation, the 1989 shootings in Tiananmen Square were to the Sixth. Their
films were usually made illegally, cheaply and angrily, combining punk spiri
t with Italian neo-realism. They depicted modern Chinese cities as places of
poverty, misery and hopelessness.
Zhang Yuan's 1993 underground hit Beijing Bastards, regarded as China's firs
t independent movie, showed Chinese youths having sex, taking drugs and rock
ing out just like any other disaffected teens. His controversial East Palace
West Palace was the first Chinese film to address homosexuality.
Zhang's classmate Wang Xiaoshuai based Beijing Bicycle on De Sica's Bicycle
Thieves. His earlier film Frozen followed a Beijing artist who commits suici
de; it was filmed under the pseudonym Wu Ming ("no name"). And Jia Zhang Ke,
director of Platform, turned in Xiao Wu, a Bressonian portrait of a pickpoc
ket in squalid modern-day Fengyang, made without the authorities' permission
.
The Sixth Generation's films also won prizes at the festivals (when they cou
ld get them out of China) - but perhaps out of respect for the personal risk
involved in making them rather than the experience of watching them. These
films' drabness, slowness, emotional detachment and heavy cigarette consumpt
ion corresponded to the reality of present-day China, but not necessarily th
e tastes of international audiences. If the Fifth Generation's films were li
ke a stay in the Beijing Hilton, the Sixth Generation experience was like a
night in a backpackers' hostel.
In recent years, however, the Chinese film industry has changed so rapidly a
s to make the whole "generations" system irrelevant. Since China joined the
World Trade Organisation last December, the official studio system has becom
e only one of several options for film-makers. Independent companies are mak
ing new types of Chinese films, directed primarily at China's burgeoning dom
estic youth market and intended to make money rather than win prizes - a dif
ficult prospect in a country where most films are pirated within days of the
ir release. Imar films, set up by a young American producer, Peter Loehr, ha
s paved the way. Imar's prize director, Zhang Yang (another Zhang), has scor
ed two massive domestic hits with his films Spicy Love Soup and Shower, the
latter of which also did well internationally. Both are uncontroversial, apo
litical urban comedies, made with the full approval of the censors.
At the same time, having absorbed the influence of Chinese cinema so well, H
ollywood and international companies are setting up camp in China, particula
rly the Sony-owned Columbia Tristar. Their projects (which must find Chinese
co-producers) range from mid-budget crossover movies such as Sony's Big Sho
t's Funeral, a Beijing comedy starring Donald Sutherland, to grander period
thrillers such as Purple Butterfly (set in 1940s Shanghai and starring Zhang
Ziyi - who seems to be the new Gong Li).
But most of these are action epics along the lines of Crouching Tiger, Hidde
n Dragon. There is The Touch, for example, a calculated blend of Crouching T
iger, Indiana Jones and Cirque du Soleil that is directed by Peter Pau (Crou
ching Tiger's cinematographer) and stars Michelle Yeoh (Crouching Tiger's he
roine). Then there is a Crouching Tiger prequel, produced by Ang Lee and dir
ected by his brother, Lee Gang, and the Sony-produced historical epic Heroes
of Heaven and Earth. Most ambitious of all is the $30m Hero, made with mone
y from Hong Kong, China and the US. This epic combines the formidable talent
s of Jet Li, Zhang Ziyi and Hong Kong superstars Maggie Cheung and Tony Leun
g Chiu Wai. Ironically, it is based on the same story as Chen's flop The Emp
eror and the Assassin. Even more ironically, its director is Zhang Yimou.
It would be easy to describe this as selling out, but from Zhang's perspecti
ve it is more a case of making the type of film he has always wanted to. And
why shouldn't he? If anyone deserves to benefit from the rise of Chinese ci
nema, it is Zhang. The Fifth Generation was criticised for directing its ear
ly films at international audiences; but considering conditions at home back
then, there was really no one else to target.
Now there is. For the first time in living memory, Chinese directors have op
tions beyond the festival/ arthouse route. They can make modern films for th
eir own citizens and they can make mass entertainment for global audiences.
Ideally, once commercial cinema is running smoothly in China, the state-run
studios will again have room to accommodate new arthouse directors. Perhaps
then the international connoisseurs who lament the good old days of Raise th
e Red Lantern will get what they want. In the meantime, at least everybody e
lse - Chinese audiences, global action fans and the directors - is relativel
y happy.
--
I do not believe vicissitudes.
Then, who am I?
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