English 版 (精华区)
发信人: icecap (冰蓝), 信区: English
标 题: Anglo Saxon Britain
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Mon Mar 31 16:15:52 2003) , 转信
410 to 1066
Anglo Saxon Britain, Viking Raids the Norman Invasion
The breakdown of Roman law and civilisation was fairly swift after the Roman
army departed in 410 AD. To counter the raids from continental pirates,Vikings
, Picts and Scots towns would bring in mercenaries from Europe to defend them
from attack. These mercenary soldiers were Angles and Saxons from northern
Germany.
The deal was that the mercenaries brought their families with them, and got
paid with land which they could farm. Eventually the Anglo Saxon mercenaries
realised that they were stronger than their employers and appear to have taken
over the running of areas themselves.
The new Anglo Saxon invaders were not organised centrally, as the Romans had
been, or as the Normans would be. They slowly colonised northwards and
westwards, pushing the native Celts to the fringes of Britain. Roman Britain
was replaced by Anglo Saxon Britain, with the Celtic peoples remaining in Cornw
all, Wales and Scotland.The Anglo Saxon areas eventually combined into
kingdoms, and by 850 AD the country had three competing kingdoms.
The three kingdoms of Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex, not only were competing
between themselves, but they were also under sustained attack from Viking
raids. The Viking incursions culminated with a "Great Army" landing in East
Anglia in 865 AD. It made wide territorial gains, and by 875 the kingdoms of
Mercia and Northumbria had succumbed. Only Wessex remained as Anglo Saxon.
The Vikings attack Wessex in 878, and the Saxon king, Alfred (of burning the
cakes fame) had to flee to the Somerset marshes.. However he was able to
regroup and counter attack. His efforts and those later of his son and
grandsons, gradually pushed the Vikings (remember Eric Bloodaxe) northwards and event
ually into the sea.
By 955, Alfred the Great's grandson Eadred, ruled over a united England.
Government became centralised, and the king had the infrastructure to rule the
whole country.
Next came another wave of Viking attacks. The net effect was that the English
king, Ethelred the Unready, found his kingdom under attack on all coasts by
Norsemen. On Ethelred's death in 1016, the Viking leader Cnut was effectively
ruling England. But on Cnut's death, the country collapsed into a number of
competing Earldoms under a weak king, Edward the Confessor.
The strongest of these earls was Harold, Earl of East Anglia. Through a series
of battles and intermarriages, Harold controlled Wessex and was in a powerful
position. So when Edward the Confessor died in 1066 without a male heir,
Harold claimed the throne.His claim was disputed by William, Duke of Normandy,
whose claim to the English throne was even more tenuous than Harold's.
There were two major influences on English life during this whole period of
English history, at opposite ends of the aggression spectrum. One was the
coming of Christianity to Britain, brought by Irish monks to places like
Lindesfarne in 635, or Iona in Scotland in 563. The church had organised the
whole country into diocese, each under a bishop, by about 850. The other was
the Viking raider. And it was the Viking raider that paradoxically allowed
William to conquer Britain.
When Edward the Confessor died, the Vikings saw a chance to regain a foothold
in Britain, and landed an army in Yorkshire in 1066. Harold marched north to
take on the Vikings under Harald of Norway and Tostig (King Harold's brother).
He defeated the Norsemen near York, but while celebrating his victory, learnt
that William of Normandy had landed in southern England.
Within 13 days he had marched his army some 240 miles from Yorkshire to Sussex
, where the Normans were camped near Hastings. The ensuing Battle of Hastings
was won by the Normans who were fresh, and had better archers and cavalry.
Harold died with an arrow through his eye. William was crowned William I in
London on Christmas Day 1066.
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