English 版 (精华区)
发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Normans--STEPHEN AND MATILDA
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:23:47 星期天), 站内信件
STEPHEN AND MATILDA (r. 1135-1154)
Though charming, attractive and (when required) a brave warrior, Stephen (re
igned 1135-54) lacked ruthlessness and failed to inspire loyalty. He could n
either control his friends nor subdue his enemies, despite the support of hi
s brother Henry of Blois (Bishop of Winchester) and his able wife Matilda of
Boulogne. Henry I's daughter Matilda invaded England in 1139 to claim the t
hrone, and the country was plunged into civil war. Although anarchy never sp
read over the whole country, local feuds were pursued under the cover of the
civil war; the bond between the King and the nobles broke down, and senior
figures (including Stephen's brother Henry) freely changed allegiances as it
suited them.
In 1141, Stephen was captured at Lincoln and his defeat seemed certain. Howe
ver, Matilda's arrogant behaviour antagonised even her own supporters (Angev
ins), and Stephen was released in exchange for her captured ally and illegit
imate half-brother, Earl Robert of Gloucester. After the latter's death in 1
147, Matilda retired to Normandy (which her husband, the Count of Anjou had
conquered) in 1148. Stephen's throne was still disputed. Matilda's eldest so
n, Henry, who had been given Normandy by his father in 1150 and who had marr
ied the heiress Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine, invaded England in 1149 and ag
ain in 1153. Stephen fought stubbornly against Henry; Stephen even attempted
to ensure his son Eustace's succession by having him crowned in Stephen's o
wn lifetime. The Church refused (having quarrelled with the king some years
previously); Eustace's death later in 1153 helped lead to a negotiated peace
(the treaty of Wallingford) under which Henry would inherit the throne afte
r Stephen's death.
--
Voici mon secret. Il est très simple:
on ne voit bien qu'avec le coeur.
L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux.
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