English 版 (精华区)
发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Angevins--JOHN
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:26:51 星期天), 站内信件
JOHN (r. 1199-1216)
John was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neith
er trusted others nor was trusted by them. Heavy taxation, disputes with the
Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attem
pts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons
rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accep
ting their reforms.
This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feuda
l obligations between the King and the barons, and guaranteed a number of ri
ghts. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the
redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the
Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and
trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justi
ce be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of roya
l officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corp
us ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall be imprisoned except by due
process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse
or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the
Sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the Sovereign
was as much under the rule of law as his people, and that the rights of ind
ividuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a so
urce of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen a
s an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries
as the basis of the liberties of the English people.
As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of
France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip
of civil war.
--
Voici mon secret. Il est très simple:
on ne voit bien qu'avec le coeur.
L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux.
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