English 版 (精华区)
发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Plntagenets--EDWARD III
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:32:15 星期天), 站内信件
EDWARD III (r. 1327-77)
Edward III was 14 when he was crowned King and assumed government in his own
right in 1330. In 1337, Edward created the Duchy of Cornwall to provide the
heir to the throne with an income independent of the sovereign or the state
. An able soldier, and an inspiring leader, Edward founded the Order of the
Garter in 1348.
At the beginning of the Hundred Years War in 1337, actual campaigning starte
d when the King invaded France in 1339 and laid claim to the throne of Franc
e. Following a sea victory at Sluys in 1340, Edward overran Brittany in 1342
and in 1346 he landed in Normandy, defeating the French King, Philip IV, at
the Battle of Crécy and his son Edward (the Black Prince) repeated his suc
cess at Poitiers (1356). By 1360 Edward controlled over a quarter of France.
His successes consolidated the support of the nobles, lessened criticism of
the taxes, and improved relations with Parliament. However, under the 1375
Treaty of Bruges the French King, Charles V, reversed most of the English co
nquests; Calais and a coastal strip near Bordeaux were Edward's only lasting
gain.
Failure abroad provoked criticism at home. The Black Death plague outbreaks
of 1348-9, 1361-2 and 1369 inflicted severe social dislocation (the King los
t a daughter to the plague) and caused deflation; severe laws were introduce
d to attempt to fix wages and prices. In 1376, the 'Good Parliament' (which
saw the election of the first Speaker to represent the Commons) attacked the
high taxes and criticised the King's advisers. The ageing King withdrew to
Windsor for the rest of his reign, eventually dying at Sheen Palace, Surrey.
--
We are angels with but one wing.
To fly we must embrace each other.
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