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发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Plantagenets--RICHARD II
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:33:01 星期天), 站内信件
RICHARD II (1377-99)
Edward III's son, the Black Prince, died in 1376. The King's grandson, Richa
rd II, succeeded to the throne aged 10, on Edward's death. In 1381 the Peasa
nts' Revolt broke out and Richard, aged 14, bravely rode out to meet the reb
els at Smithfield, London. Wat Tyler, the principal leader of the peasants,
was killed and the uprisings in the rest of the country were crushed over th
e next few weeks (Richard was later forced by his Council's advice to rescin
d the pardons he had given). Highly cultured, Richard was one of the greates
t royal patrons of the arts; patron of Chaucer, it was Richard who ordered t
he technically innovative transformation of the Norman Westminster Hall to w
hat it is today. (Built between 1097 and 1099 by William II, the Hall was th
e ceremonial and administrative centre of the kingdom; it also housed the Co
urts of Justice until 1882.)
Richard's authoritarian approach upset vested interests, and his increasing
dependence on favourites provoked resentment. In 1388 the 'Merciless Parliam
ent' led by a group of lords hostile to Richard (headed by the King's uncle,
Gloucester) sentenced many of the King's favourites to death and forced Ric
hard to renew his coronation oath. The death of his first queen, Anne of Boh
emia, in 1394 further isolated Richard, and his subsequent arbitrary behavio
ur alienated people further. Richard took his revenge in 1397, arresting or
banishing many of his opponents; his cousin, Henry of Bolingbroke, was also
subsequently banished. On the death of Henry's father, John of Gaunt (a youn
ger son of Edward III), Richard confiscated the vast properties of his Duchy
of Lancaster (which amounted to a state within a state) and divided them am
ong his supporters.
Richard pursued policies of peace with France (his second wife was Isabella
of Valois); Richard still called himself king of France and refused to give
up Calais, but his reign was concurrent with a 28 year truce in the Hundred
Years War. His expeditions to Ireland failed to reconcile the Anglo-Irish lo
rds with the Gaels. In 1399, whilst Richard was in Ireland, Henry of Bolingb
roke returned to claim his father's inheritance. Supported by some of the le
ading baronial families (including Richard's former Archbishop of Canterbury
), Henry captured and deposed Richard. Bolingbroke was crowned King as Henry
IV. Risings in support of Richard led to his murder in Pontefract Castle; H
enry V subsequently had his body buried in Westminster Abbey.
--
I am looking outside into the rain
through the blurred window, in front
of which you seem to be there.
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