English 版 (精华区)
发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Tudors--MARY I
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:43:05 星期天), 站内信件
MARY I (r. 1553-1558)
Mary I was the first Queen Regnant (that is, a queen reigning in her own rig
ht rather than a queen through marriage to a king). Courageous and stubborn,
her character was moulded by her earlier years: an Act of Parliament in 153
3 had declared her illegitimate and removed her from the succession to the t
hrone (she was reinstated in 1544, but her half-brother Edward removed her f
rom the succession once more shortly before his death), whilst she was press
urised to give up the Mass and acknowledge the English Protestant Church.
Mary restored papal supremacy in England, abandoned the title of Supreme Hea
d of the Church, reintroduced Roman Catholic bishops and began the slow rein
troduction of monastic orders. Mary also revived the old heresy laws to secu
re the religious conversion of the country; heresy was regarded as a religio
us and civil offence amounting to treason (to believe in a different religio
n from the Sovereign was an act of defiance and disloyalty). As a result, ar
ound 300 Protestant heretics were burnt in three years - apart from eminent
Protestant clergy such as Cranmer (a former archbishop and author of two Boo
ks of Common Prayer), Latimer and Ridley, these heretics were mostly poor an
d self-taught people. Apart from making Mary deeply unpopular, such treatmen
t demonstrated that people were prepared to die for the Protestant settlemen
t established in Henry's reign. The progress of Mary's conversion of the cou
ntry was also limited by the vested interests of the aristocracy and gentry
who had bought the monastic lands sold off after the Dissolution of the Mona
steries, and who refused to return these possessions voluntarily as Mary inv
ited them to do.
Aged 37 at her accession, Mary wished to marry and have children, thus leavi
ng a Catholic heir to consolidate her religious reforms, and removing her ha
lf-sister Elizabeth (a focus for Protestant opposition) from direct successi
on. Mary's decision to marry Philip, King of Spain from 1556, in 1554 was ve
ry unpopular; the protest from the Commons prompted Mary's reply that Parlia
ment was 'not accustomed to use such language to the Kings of England' and t
hat in her marriage 'she would choose as God inspired her'. The marriage was
childless, Philip spent most of it on the continent, England obtained no sh
are in the Spanish monopolies in New World trade and the alliance with Spain
dragged England into a war with France. Popular discontent grew when Calais
, the last vestige of England's possessions in France dating from William th
e Conqueror's time, was captured by the French in 1558. Dogged by ill health
, Mary died later that year, possibly from cancer, leaving the crown to her
half-sister Elizabeth.
--
I am looking outside into the rain
through the blurred window, in front
of which you seem to be there.
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