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发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Stuarts--JAMES II
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:49:55 星期天), 站内信件
JAMES II (r. 1685-88)
Born in 1633 and named after his grandfather James I, James II grew up in ex
ile after the Civil War (he served in the armies of Louis XIV) and, after hi
s brother's restoration, commanded the Royal Navy from 1660 to 1673. James c
onverted to Catholicism in 1669. Despite his conversion, James II succeeded
to the throne peacefully at the age of 51. His position was a strong one - t
here were standing armies of nearly 20,000 men in his kingdoms and he had a
revenue of around £2 million. Within days of his succession, James announce
d the summoning of Parliament in May but he sounded a warning note: 'the bes
t way to engage me to meet you often is always to use me well'. A rebellion
led by Charles's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, was easily crushed
after the battle of Sedgemoor in 1685, and savage punishments were imposed b
y the infamous Lord Chief Justice, Judge Jeffreys, at the 'Bloody Assizes'.
James's reaction to the Monmouth rebellion was to plan the increase of the s
tanding army and the appointment of loyal and experienced Roman Catholic off
icers. This, together with James's attempts to give civic equality to Roman
Catholic and Protestant dissenters, led to conflict with Parliament, as it w
as seen as James showing favouritism towards Roman Catholics. Fear of Cathol
icism was widespread (in 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes which g
ave protection to French Protestants), and the possibility of a standing arm
y led by Roman Catholic officers produced protest in Parliament. As a result
, James prorogued Parliament in 1685 and ruled without it.
James attempted to promote the Roman Catholic cause by dismissing judges and
Lord Lieutenants who refused to support the withdrawal of laws penalising r
eligious dissidents, appointing Catholics to important academic posts, and t
o senior military and political positions. Within three years, the majority
of James's subjects had been alienated.
In 1687 James issued the Declaration of Indulgence aiming at religious toler
ation; seven bishops who asked James to reconsider were charged with seditio
us libel, but later acquitted to popular Anglican acclaim. When his second (
Roman Catholic) wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth on 10 June 1688 to a son (J
ames Stuart, later known as the 'Old Pretender' and father of Charles Edward
Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'), it seemed that a Roman Catholic dynasty w
ould be established. William of Orange, Protestant husband of James's elder
daughter, Mary (by James's first and Protestant wife, Anne Hyde), was theref
ore welcomed when he invaded on 5 November 1688. The Army and the Navy (disa
ffected despite James's investment in them) deserted to William, and James f
led to France.
James's attempt to regain the throne by taking a French army to Ireland fail
ed - he was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. James spent the res
t of his life in exile in France, dying there in 1701.
--
We are angels with but one wing.
To fly we must embrace each other.
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