English 版 (精华区)
发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Stuarts--ANNE
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:51:52 星期天), 站内信件
ANNE (r. 1702-14)
On William's death in 1702, his sister-in-law Anne (Protestant younger daugh
ter of James II and his first wife) succeeded him. Within months, another wa
r in Europe had started (the War of the Spanish Succession), which was to ov
ershadow most of Anne's reign. A series of military victories by John Church
ill, Duke of Marlborough, strengthened England's negotiating position at the
end of the war. Under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, France recognised Anne's
title (and exiled James II's Roman Catholic son, James Stuart, from France)
- the treaty also confirmed England's possession of Gibraltar.
Party politics became more significant throughout Anne's reign, with Whigs (
who supported limited monarchy, and whose support tended to come from religi
ous dissenters) and Tories (who favoured strong monarchy and the religious s
tatus quo embodied in the Church of England) competing for power.
During the final years of the seventeenth century, the Parliaments of Englan
d and Scotland had conflicting foreign and economic policies. Difficulties r
eached a climax when England settled the succession on the Protestant Sophia
of Hanover (Charles I's niece and cousin to James II), as Anne (the last of
her line) had failed to produce an heir. The Scots declared that they were
free to choose someone different, with the implication that this could be th
e exiled Roman Catholic Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, James II's son b
y his second wife, Mary of Modena. (The scene had been set for the later upr
isings in Scotland led by the two Stuart pretenders against the Hanoverian k
ings.)
This disagreement over the succession was clearly untenable. In 1707 after m
onths of bitter debate in Edinburgh and lengthy debate elsewhere, the two Pa
rliaments agreed to unite. Henceforth one British Parliament would sit at We
stminster, and there would be a common flag and coinage. Scotland would, how
ever, retain its own established Church and its legal and educational system
s.
Until their dismissal in 1710, the political scene was dominated by Marlboro
ugh (whose wife enjoyed the influence of a 20-year friendship with the Queen
) and the Lord Treasurer Godolphin, who headed a financial team mostly indep
endent of the party factions. However, in 1711, as a result of a Tory minist
ry's disagreement with the Whig majority in the House of Lords over the futu
re peace settlement to war in Europe, Anne was persuaded to create peers for
party purposes. This represented an important weakening of the royal prerog
ative.
--
Voici mon secret. Il est très simple:
on ne voit bien qu'avec le coeur.
L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux.
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 211.154.92.98]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:2.376毫秒