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发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Hanoverians--GEORGE III
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:54:10 星期天), 站内信件
GEORGE III (r. 1760-1820)
George III was born on 4 June 1738 in London, the eldest son of Frederick, P
rince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. He became heir to the th
rone on the death of his father in 1751, succeeding his grandfather, George
II, in 1760. He was the third Hanoverian monarch and the first one to be bor
n in England and to use English as his first language.
George III is widely remembered for two things: losing the American colonies
and going mad. This is far from the whole truth. George's direct responsibi
lity for the loss of the colonies is not great. He opposed their bid for ind
ependence to the end, but he did not develop the policies (such as the Stamp
Act of 1765 and the Townshend duties of 1767 on tea, paper and other produc
ts) which led to war in 1775-76 and which had the support of Parliament. The
se policies were largely due to the financial burdens of garrisoning and adm
inistering the vast expansion of territory brought under the British Crown i
n America, the costs of a series of wars with France and Spain in North Amer
ica, and the loans given to the East India Company (then responsible for adm
inistering India). By the 1770s, and at a time when there was no income tax,
the national debt required an annual revenue of £4 million to service it.
The declaration of American independence on 4 July 1776, the end of the war
with the surrender by British forces in 1782, and the defeat which the loss
of the American colonies represented, could have threatened the Hanoverian t
hrone. However, George's strong defence of what he saw as the national inter
est and the prospect of long war with revolutionary France made him, if anyt
hing, more popular than before.
The American war, its political aftermath and family anxieties placed great
strain on George in the 1780s. After serious bouts of illness in 1788-89 and
again in 1801, George became permanently deranged in 1810. He was mentally
unfit to rule in the last decade of his reign; his eldest son - the later Ge
orge IV - acted as Prince Regent from 1811. Some medical historians have sai
d that George III's mental instability was caused by a hereditary physical d
isorder called porphyria.
George's accession in 1760 marked a significant change in royal finances. Si
nce 1697, the monarch had received an annual grant of £700,000 from Parliam
ent as a contribution to the Civil List, i.e. civil government costs (such a
s judges' and ambassadors' salaries) and the expenses of the Royal Household
. In 1760, it was decided that the whole cost of the Civil List should be pr
ovided by Parliament in return for the surrender of the hereditary revenues
by the King for the duration of his reign. (This arrangement still applies t
oday, although civil government costs are now paid by Parliament, rather tha
n financed directly by the monarch from the Civil List.)
The first 25 years of George's reign were politically controversial for reas
ons other than the conflict with America. The King was accused by some criti
cs, particularly Whigs (a leading political grouping), of attempting to reas
sert royal authority in an unconstitutional manner. In fact, George took a c
onventional view of the constitution and the powers left to the Crown after
the conflicts between Crown and Parliament in the 17th century.
Although he was careful not to exceed his powers, George's limited ability a
nd lack of subtlety in dealing with the shifting alliances within the Tory a
nd Whig political groupings in Parliament meant that he found it difficult t
o bring together ministries which could enjoy the support of the House of Co
mmons. His problem was solved first by the long-lasting ministry of Lord Nor
th (1770-82) and then, from 1783, by Pitt the Younger, whose ministry lasted
until 1801.
George III was the most attractive of the Hanoverian monarchs. He was a good
family man (there were 15 children) and devoted to his wife, Charlotte of M
ecklenburg-Strelitz, for whom he bought the Queen's House (later enlarged to
become Buckingham Palace). However, his sons disappointed him and, after hi
s brothers made unsuitable secret marriages, the Royal Marriages Act of 1772
was passed at George's insistence. (Under this Act, the Sovereign must give
consent to the marriage of any lineal descendant of George II, with certain
exceptions.)
Being extremely conscientious, George read all government papers and sometim
es annoyed his ministers by taking such a prominent interest in government a
nd policy. His political influence could be decisive. In 1801, he forced Pit
t the Younger to resign when the two men disagreed about whether Roman Catho
lics should have full civil rights. George III, because of his coronation oa
th to maintain the rights and privileges of the Church of England, was again
st the proposed measure.
One of the most cultured of monarchs, George started a new royal collection
of books (65,000 of his books were later given to the British Museum, as the
nucleus of a national library) and opened his library to scholars. In 1768,
George founded and paid the initial costs of the Royal Academy of Arts (now
famous for its exhibitions). He was the first king to study science as part
of his education (he had his own astronomical observatory), and examples of
his collection of scientific instruments can now be seen in the Science Mus
eum.
George III also took a keen interest in agriculture, particularly on the cro
wn estates at Richmond and Windsor, being known as 'Farmer George'. In his l
ast years, physical as well as mental powers deserted him and he became blin
d. He died at Windsor Castle on 29 January 1820, after a reign of almost 60
years - the second longest in British history.
--
I am looking outside into the rain
through the blurred window, in front
of which you seem to be there.
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