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发信人: Systems (Queen Victoria Died), 信区: English
标 题: The Hanoverians--WILLIAM IV
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年04月06日18:55:49 星期天), 站内信件
WILLIAM IV (r. 1830-37)
At the age of 13, William became a midshipman and began a career in the Roya
l Navy. In 1789, he was made duke of Clarence. He retired from the Navy in 1
790. Between 1791 and 1811 he lived with his mistress, the actress Mrs Jorda
n, and the growing family of their children known as the Fitzclarences. Will
iam married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen in 1818, but their children
died in infancy. The third son of George III, William became heir apparent a
t the age of 62 when his older brother died.
William's reign (reigned 1830-37) was dominated by the Reform crisis, beginn
ing almost immediately when Wellington's Tory government (which William supp
orted) lost the general election in August 1830. Pledged to parliamentary re
form, Grey's Whig government won a further election which William had to cal
l in 1831 and then pushed through a reform bill against the opposition of th
e Tories and the House of Lords, using the threat of the creation of 50 or m
ore peers to do so. The failure of the Tories to form an alternative governm
ent in 1832 meant that William had to sign the Great Reform Bill. Control of
peerages had been used as a party weapon, and the royal prerogative had bee
n damaged.
The Reform Bill abolished some of the worst abuses of the electoral system (
for example, representation for so called 'rotten boroughs', which had long
ceased to be of any importance, was stopped, and new industrial towns obtain
ed representation). The Reform Act also introduced standardised rules for th
e franchise (different boroughs had previously had varying franchise rules)
and, by extending the franchise to the middle classes, greatly increased the
role of public opinion in the political process.
William understood the theory of the more limited monarchy, once saying 'I h
ave my view of things, and I tell them to my ministers. If they do not adopt
them, I cannot help it. I have done my duty.' William died a month after Vi
ctoria had come of age, thus avoiding another regency.
--
Voici mon secret. Il est très simple:
on ne voit bien qu'avec le coeur.
L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux.
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