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发信人: nosay (☆冰红茶⊙自在心情☆), 信区: English
标 题: zhou
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年12月03日09:02:12 星期三), 站内信件
TheZhouPeriod
The last Shang ruler, a despot according to standard Chinese accounts,
was overthrown by a chieftain of a frontier tribe called Zhou (),which
had settled in the Wei ()Valley in modern Shaanxi () Province. The
Zhou dynasty had its capital at Hao (), near the city of Xi'an (),or
Chang'an (), as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
Sharing the language and culture of the Shang, the early Zhou rulers,
through conquest and colonization, gradually sinicized, that is,
extended Shang culture through much of China Proper north of the Chang
Jiang ( to Yangtze River ). The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any
other, from 1027 to 221 B.C. It was philosophers of this period who
first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven" (tianming or ),
the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven" or) governed by divine
right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the
mandate. The doctrine explained and justified the demise of the two
earlier dynasties and at the same time supported the legitimacy of
present and future rulers.
The term feudal has often been applied to the Zhou period because the
Zhou's early decentralized rule invites comparison with medieval rule in
Europe. At most, however, the early Zhou system was proto-feudal (),
being a more sophisticated version of earlier tribal organization, in
which effective control depended more on familial ties than on feudal
legal bonds. Whatever feudal elements there may have been decreased as
time went on. The Zhou amalgam of city-states became progressively
centralized and established increasingly impersonal political and
economic institutions. These developments, which probably occurred in
the latter Zhou period, were manifested in greater central control
over local governments and a more routinized agricultural taxation.
In 771 B.C. the Zhou court was sacked, and its king was killed by
invading barbarians who were allied with rebel lords. The capital was
moved eastward to Luoyang () in present-day Henan () Province. Because
of this shift, historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou
(1027-771 B.C.) and Eastern Zhou (770-221 B.C.). With the royal line
broken, the power of the Zhou court gradually diminished; the
fragmentation of the kingdom accelerated. Eastern Zhou divides into
two subperiods. The first, from 770 to 476 B.C., is called the Spring
and Autumn Period (), after a famous historical chronicle of the time;
the second is known as the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.).
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