English 版 (精华区)
发信人: nosay (☆冰红茶⊙自在心情☆), 信区: English
标 题: The Imperial Era Qin
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年12月03日09:02:48 星期三), 站内信件
The First Imperial Period
Much of what came to constitute China Proper was unified for the first
time in 221 B.C. In that year the western frontier state of Qin, the
most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last of its
rival states. (Qin in Wade-Giles romanization is Ch'in, from which the
English China probably derived.) Once the king of Qin consolidated his
power, he took the title Shi Huangdi (First Emperor), a formulation
previously reserved for deities and the mythological sage-emperors,
and imposed Qin's centralized, nonhereditary bureaucratic system on
his new empire. In subjugating the six other major states of Eastern
Zhou, the Qin kings had relied heavily on Legalist scholar-advisers.
Centralization, achieved by ruthless methods, was focused on
standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures, the forms of
writing and coinage, and the pattern of thought and scholarship. To
silence criticism of imperial rule, the kings banished or put to death
many dissenting Confucian scholars and confiscated and burned their
books (). Qin aggrandizement was aided by frequent military
expeditions pushing forward the frontiers in the north and south. To
fend off barbarian intrusion, the fortification walls built by the
various warring states were connected to make a 5,000-kilometer-long
great wall (). What is commonly referred to as the Great Wall is
actually four great walls rebuilt or extended during the Western Han,
Sui, Jin, and Ming periods, rather than a single, continuous wall. At
its extremities, the Great Wall reaches from northeastern Heilongjiang
() Province to northwestern Gansu (). A number of public works
projects were also undertaken to consolidate and strengthen imperial
rule. These activities required enormous levies of manpower and
resources, not to mention repressive measures. Revolts broke out as soon
as the first Qin emperor died in 210 B.C. His dynasty was
extinguished less than twenty years after its triumph. The imperial
system initiated during the Qin dynasty, however, set a pattern that was
developed over the next two millennia.
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