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发信人: nosay (☆冰红茶⊙自在心情☆), 信区: English
标 题: han
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年12月03日09:03:06 星期三), 站内信件
After a short civil war, a new dynasty, called Han (206 B.C.-A.D. 220),
emerged with its capital at Chang'an ( ). The new empire retained
much of the Qin administrative structure but retreated a bit from
centralized rule by establishing vassal principalities in some areas for
the sake of political convenience. The Han rulers modified some of
the harsher aspects of the previous dynasty; Confucian ideals of
government, out of favor during the Qin period, were adopted as the
creed of the Han empire, and Confucian scholars gained prominent
status as the core of the civil service. A civil service examination
system also was initiated. Intellectual, literary, and artistic
endeavors revived and flourished. The Han period produced China's most
famous historian, Sima Qian ( 145-87 B.C.?), whose Shiji ( Historical
Records) provides a detailed chronicle from the time of a legendary
Xia emperor to that of the Han emperor Wu Di ( 141-87 B.C.).
Technological advances also marked this period. Two of the great Chinese
inventions, paper and porcelain, date from Han times.
The Han dynasty, after which the members of the ethnic majority in
China, the "people of Han," are named, was notable also for its military
prowess. The empire expanded westward as far as the rim of the Tarim
Basin (in modern Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region), making possible
relatively secure caravan traffic across Central Asia to Antioch,
Baghdad, and Alexandria. The paths of caravan traffic are often called
the "silk route" ( ) because the route was used to export Chinese silk
to the Roman Empire. Chinese armies also invaded and annexed parts of
northern Vietnam and northern Korea toward the end of the second century
B.C. Han control of peripheral regions was generally insecure, however.
To ensure peace with non-Chinese local powers, the Han court
developed a mutually beneficial "tributary system" ( ). Non-Chinese
states were allowed to remain autonomous in exchange for symbolic
acceptance of Han overlordship. Tributary ties were confirmed and
strengthened through intermarriages at the ruling level and periodic
exchanges of gifts and goods.
After 200 years, Han rule was interrupted briefly (in A.D. 9-24 by
Wang Mang or , a reformer), and then restored for another 200 years.
The Han rulers, however, were unable to adjust to what centralization
had wrought: a growing population, increasing wealth and resultant
financial difficulties and rivalries, and ever-more complex political
institutions. Riddled with the corruption characteristic of the dynastic
cycle, by A.D. 220 the Han empire collapsed.
Era of Disunity
The collapse of the Han dynasty was followed by nearly four centuries of
rule by warlords. The age of civil wars and disunity began with the era
of the Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, and Wu, which had overlapping reigns
during the period A.D. 220-80). In later times, fiction and drama
greatly romanticized the reputed chivalry of this period. Unity was
restored briefly in the early years of the Jin dynasty (A.D. 265-420),
but the Jin could not long contain the invasions of the nomadic peoples.
In A.D. 317 the Jin court was forced to flee from Luoyang and
reestablished.
itself at Nanjing to the south. The transfer of the capital coincided
with China's political fragmentation into a succession of dynasties that
was to last from A.D. 304 to 589. During this period the process of
sinicization accelerated among the non-Chinese arrivals in the north and
among the aboriginal tribesmen in the south. This process was also
accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism (introduced into
China in the first century A.D.) in both north and south China.
Despite the political disunity of the times, there were notable
technological advances. The invention of gunpowder (at that time for use
only in fireworks) and the wheelbarrow is believed to date from the
sixth or seventh century. Advances in medicine, astronomy, and
cartography are also noted by historians.
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