English 版 (精华区)
发信人: nosay (☆冰红茶⊙自在心情☆), 信区: English
标 题: tang
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年12月03日09:04:02 星期三), 站内信件
The Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907), with its capital at Chang'an (), is
regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization--equal,
or even superior, to the Han period. Its territory, acquired through the
military exploits of its early rulers, was greater than that of the
Han. Stimulated by contact with India () and the Middle East, the empire
saw a flowering of creativity in many fields. Buddhism (),
originating in India around the time of Confucius, flourished during the
Tang period, becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of
Chinese traditional culture. Block printing was invented, making the
written word available to vastly greater audiences. The Tang period
was the golden age of literature and art. A government system
supported by a large class of Confucian literati selected through
civil service examinations () was perfected under Tang rule. This
competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talents into
government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang
rulers, aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families
and warlords would have destabilizing consequences, was to create a
body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or
functional power base. As it turned out, these scholar-officials
acquired status in their local communities, family ties, and shared
values that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times
until the closing days of the Qing empire in 1911, scholar-officials
functioned often as intermediaries between the grass-roots level and the
government.
By the middle of the eighth century A.D., Tang power had ebbed. Domestic
economic instability and military defeat in 751 by Arabs at Talas, in
Central Asia, marked the beginning of five centuries of steady
military decline for the Chinese empire. Misrule, court intrigues,
economic exploitation, and popular rebellions weakened the empire,
making it possible for northern invaders to terminate the dynasty in
907. The next half-century saw the fragmentation of China into five
northern dynasties and ten southern kingdoms.
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