English 版 (精华区)
发信人: nosay (☆冰红茶⊙自在心情☆), 信区: English
标 题: Ming
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年12月03日09:05:08 星期三), 站内信件
The Chinese Regain Power
Rivalry among the Mongol imperial heirs, natural disasters, and
numerous peasant uprisings led to the collapse of the Yuan dynasty.
The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was founded by a Han Chinese peasant and
former Buddhist monk turned rebel army leader (). Having its capital
first at Nanjing (which means Southern Capital) and later at Beijing (or
Northern Capital), the Ming reached the zenith of power during the
first quarter of the fifteenth century. The Chinese armies reconquered
Annam (), as orthern Vietnam was then known, in Southeast Asia and
kept back the Mongols, while the Chinese fleet sailed the China seas and
the Indian Ocean, cruising as far as the east coast of Africa. The
maritime Asian nations sent envoys with tribute for the Chinese emperor.
Internally, the Grand Canal was expanded to its farthest limits and
proved to be a stimulus to domestic trade.
The Ming maritime expeditions stopped rather suddenly after 1433, the
date of the last voyage. Historians have given as one of the reasons the
great expense of large-scale expeditions at a time of preoccupation
with northern defenses against the Mongols. Opposition at court also may
have been a contributing factor, as conservative officials found the
concept of expansion and commercial ventures alien to Chinese ideas of
government. Pressure from the powerful Neo-Confucian bureaucracy led
to a revival of strict agrarian-centered society. The stability of the
Ming dynasty, which was without major disruptions of the pulation
(then around 100 million), economy, arts, society, or politics,
romoted a belief among the Chinese that they had achieved the most
atisfactory ivilization on earth and that nothing foreign was needed
or elcome.
Long wars with the Mongols, incursions by the Japanese into Korea, and
harassment of Chinese coastal cities by the Japanese in the sixteenth
century weakened Ming rule, which became, as earlier Chinese dynasties
had, ripe for an alien takeover. In 1644 the Manchus () took Beijing
from the north and became masters of north China, establishing the
last imperial dynasty, the Qing (1644-1911).
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