English 版 (精华区)
发信人: nosay (☆冰红茶⊙自在心情☆), 信区: English
标 题: Qing
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年12月03日09:05:24 星期三), 站内信件
The Rise of the Manchus
Although the Manchus were not Han Chinese and were strongly resisted,
especially in the south, they had assimilated a great deal of Chinese
culture before conquering China Proper. Realizing that to dominate the
empire they would have to do things the Chinese way, the Manchus
retained many institutions of Ming and earlier Chinese derivation.
They continued the Confucian court practices and temple rituals, over
which the emperors had traditionally presided.
The Manchus continued the Confucian civil service system. Although
Chinese were barred from the highest offices, Chinese officials
predominated over Manchu officeholders outside the capital, except in
military positions. The Neo-Confucian philosophy, emphasizing the
obedience of subject to ruler, was enforced as the state creed. The
Manchu emperors also supported Chinese literary and historical
projects of enormous scope; the survival of much of China's ancient
literature is attributed to these projects.
Ever suspicious of Han Chinese, the Qing rulers put into effect measures
aimed at preventing the absorption of the Manchus into the dominant Han
Chinese population. Han Chinese were prohibited from migrating into the
Manchu homeland, and Manchus were forbidden to engage in trade or
manual labor. Intermarriage between the two groups was forbidden. In
many government positions a system of dual appointments was used--the
Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu
to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule.
The Qing regime was determined to protect itself not only from
internal rebellion but also from foreign invasion. After China Proper
had been subdued, the Manchus conquered Outer Mongolia (now the
Mongolian People's Republic) in the late seventeenth century. In the
eighteenth century they gained control of Central Asia as far as the
Pamir Mountains and established a protectorate over the area the Chinese
call Xizang () but commonly known in the West as Tibet. The Qing thus
became the first dynasty to eliminate successfully all danger to China
Proper from across its land borders. Under Manchu rule the empire grew
to include a larger area than before or since; Taiwan, the last
outpost of anti-Manchu resistance, was also incorporated into China
for the first time. In addition, Qing emperors received tribute from the
various border states.
The chief threat to China's integrity did not come overland, as it had
so often in the past, but by sea, reaching the southern coastal area
first. Western traders, missionaries, and soldiers of fortune began to
arrive in large numbers even before the Qing, in the sixteenth century.
The empire's inability to evaluate correctly the nature of the new
challenge or to respond flexibly to it resulted in the demise of the
Qing and the collapse of the entire millennia-old framework of
dynastic rule.
--
精灵族头号强援 水族最佳同盟
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※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.118.228.235]
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