English 版 (精华区)
发信人: nosay (☆冰红茶⊙自在心情☆), 信区: English
标 题: The People's Republic Of China
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年12月03日09:06:16 星期三), 站内信件
On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formally
established, with its national capital at Beijing. "The Chinese people
have stood up!" declared Mao as he announced the creation of a "people's
democratic dictatorship." The people were defined as a coalition of
four social classes: the workers, the peasants, the petite bourgeoisie,
and the national-capitalists. The four classes were to be led by the
CCP, as the vanguard of the working class. At that time the CCP
claimed a membership of 4.5 million, of which members of peasant
origin accounted for nearly 90 percent. The party was under Mao's
chairmanship, and the government was headed by Zhou Enlai ( 1898-1976)
as premier of the State Administrative Council (the predecessor of the
State Council).
The Soviet Union recognized the People's Republic on October 2, 1949.
Earlier in the year, Mao had proclaimed his policy of "leaning to one
side" as a commitment to the socialist bloc. In February 1950, after
months of hard bargaining, China and the Soviet Union signed the
Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, valid until 1980.
The pact also was intended to counter Japan or any power's joining
Japan for the purpose of aggression.
For the first time in decades a Chinese government was met with peace,
instead of massive military opposition, within its territory. The new
leadership was highly disciplined and, having a decade of wartime
administrative experience to draw on, was able to embark on a program of
national integration and reform. In the first year of Communist
administration, moderate social and economic policies were implemented
with skill and effectiveness. The leadership realized that the
overwhelming and multitudinous task of economic reconstruction and
achievement of political and social stability required the goodwill
and cooperation of all classes of people. Results were impressive by any
standard, and popular support was widespread.
By 1950 international recognition of the Communist government had
increased considerably, but it was slowed by China's involvement in
the Korean War. In October 1950, sensing a threat to the industrial
heartland in northeast China from the advancing United Nations (UN)
forces in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), units
of the PLA--calling themselves the Chinese People's Volunteers--crossed
the YaluJiang ( ) River into North Korea in response to a North
Korean request for aid. Almost simultaneously the PLA forces also
marched into Xizang to reassert Chinese sovereignty over a region that
had been in effect independent of Chinese rule since the fall of the
Qing dynasty in 1911. In 1951 the UN declared China to be an aggressor
in Korea and sanctioned a global embargo on the shipment of arms and war
materiel to China. This step foreclosed for the time being any
possibility that the People's Republic might replace Nationalist China
(on Taiwan) as a member of the UN and as a veto-holding member of the UN
Security Council.
After China entered the Korean War, the initial moderation in Chinese
domestic policies gave way to a massive campaign against the "enemies of
the state," actual and potential. These enemies consisted of "war
criminals, traitors, bureaucratic capitalists, and
counterrevolutionaries." The campaign was combined with
party-sponsored trials attended by huge numbers of people. The major
targets in this drive were foreigners and Christian missionaries who
were branded as United States agents at these mass trials. The 1951-52
drive against political enemies was accompanied by land reform, which
had actually begun under the Agrarian Reform Law of June 28, 1950. The
redistribution of land was accelerated, and a class struggle landlords
and wealthy peasants was launched. An ideological reform campaign
requiring self-criticisms and public confessions by university faculty
members, scientists, and other professional workers was given wide
publicity. Artists and writers were soon the objects of similar
treatment for failing to heed Mao's dictum that culture and literature
must reflect the class interest of the working people, led by the CCP.
These campaigns were accompanied in 1951 and 1952 by the san fan ( or
"three anti") and wu fan ( or "five anti") movements. The former was
directed ostensibly against the evils of "corruption, waste, and
bureaucratism"; its real aim was to eliminate incompetent and
politically unreliable public officials and to bring about an efficient,
disciplined, and responsive bureaucratic system. The wu fan movement
aimed at eliminating recalcitrant and corrupt businessmen and
industrialists, who were in effect the targets of the CCP's condemnation
of "tax evasion, bribery, cheating in government contracts, thefts of
economic intelligence, and stealing of state assets." In the course of
this campaign the party claimed to have uncovered a well-organized
attempt by businessmen and industrialists to corrupt party and
government officials. This charge was enlarged into an assault on the
bourgeoisie as a whole. The number of people affected by the various
punitive or reform campaigns was estimated in the millions.
The Transition to Socialism, 1953-57
The period of officially designated "transition to socialism"
corresponded to China's First Five-Year Plan (1953-57). The period was
characterized by efforts to achieve industrialization,
collectivization of agriculture, and political centralization.
The First Five-Year Plan stressed the development of heavy industry on
the Soviet model. Soviet economic and technical assistance was
expected to play a significant part in the implementation of the plan,
and technical agreements were signed with the Soviets in 1953 and 1954.
For the purpose of economic planning, the first modern census was taken
in 1953; the population of mainland China was shown to be 583 million,
a figure far greater than had been anticipated.
Among China's most pressing needs in the early 1950s were food for its
burgeoning population, domestic capital for investment, and purchase
of Soviet-supplied technology, capital equipment, and military hardware.
To satisfy these needs, the government began to collectivize
agriculture. Despite internal disagreement as to the speed of
collectivization, which at least for the time being was resolved in
Mao's favor, preliminary collectivization was 90 percent completed by
the end of 1956. In addition, the government nationalized banking,
industry, and trade. Private enterprise in mainland China was
virtually abolished.
Major political developments included the centralization of party and
government administration. Elections were held in 1953 for delegates
to the First National People's Congress, China's national legislature,
which met in 1954. The congress promulgated the state constitution of
1954 and formally elected Mao chairman (or president) of the People's
Republic; it elected Liu Shaoqi ( 1898-1969) chairman of the Standing
Committee of the National People's Congress; and named Zhou Enlai
premier of the new State Council.
In the midst of these major governmental changes, and helping to
precipitate them, was a power struggle within the CCP leading to the
1954 purge of Political Bureau member Gao Gang ( ) and Party
Organization Department head Rao Shushi ( ), who were accused of
illicitly trying to seize control of the party.
The process of national integration also was characterized by
improvements in party organization under the administrative direction of
the secretary general of the party Deng Xiaoping ( who served
concurrently as vice premier of the State Council). There was a marked
emphasis on recruiting intellectuals, who by 1956 constituted nearly
12 percent of the party's 10.8 million members. Peasant membership had
decreased to 69 percent, while there was an increasing number of
"experts" , who were needed for the party and governmental
infrastructures, in the party ranks.
As part of the effort to encourage the participation of intellectuals in
the new regime, in mid-1956 there began an official effort to
liberalize the political climate. Cultural and intellectual figures were
encouraged to speak their minds on the state of CCP rule and programs.
Mao personally took the lead in the movement, which was launched
under the classical slogan "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let the hundred
schools of thought contend" ( ). At first the party's repeated
invitation to air constructive views freely and openly was met with
caution. By mid-1957, however, the movement unexpectedly mounted,
bringing denunciation and criticism against the party in general and the
excesses of its cadres in particular. Startled and embarrassed, leaders
turned on the critics as "bourgeois rightists" ( ) and launched the
Anti-Rightist Campaign. The Hundred Flowers Campaign , sometimes
called the Double Hundred Campaign ( ), apparently had a sobering effect
on the CCP leadership.
--
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yingziyiren;sibyl;vivis;asaki;youjia
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