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发信人: Systems (Matrix Analysis), 信区: English
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发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年12月31日23:37:09 星期二), 站内信件
Ara: this is an extremely ancient constellation in legend. Sailors knew of d
angerous weather if it was visible in the southern skies. It is typically id
entified as an altar.
Mesopotamia: at the time of the Sumerians, the constellation's position in t
he sky probably placed it as the twelfth sign of the zodiac. It was also rep
resentative of the seventh month on the Sumerian calendar. Its shape at the
time was almost completely circular, a startling resemblance to a Sumerian a
ltar. Altars were used to warn sailors of dangers at sea as early lighthouse
s and were always lit with fires. The constellation was a representation of
this practice.
Another legend from Sumer tells of the great deluge and the heroic Utnapisht
im and his wife, later transformed into the biblical story of Noah. Told of
the coming flood by the god Ea, Utnapishtim built an ark and filled it with
the "seeds of every kind of life." The deluge came and the ark wandered the
endless seas until the rains ceased. After twelve days a strip of land was v
isible in the land of Nisir. He waited seven days before releasing a crow. W
hen the bird didn't return, Utnapishtim knew that he could release the other
animals. He made an offering to the gods by burning fragrant reeds, cedar a
nd bark. The gods inhaled the smoke and were pleased. They placed the altar
in the southern sky where the Milky Way would represent the smoke rising to
them. See the Mesopotamian legends of Argo Navis and the Milky Way.
Greece: with the prediction of death at the hand of his own child, Cronus sw
allowed his children as soon as his wife, Rhea, gave birth. After losing fiv
e children in this way, and finding she was pregnant with another, Rhea hid
the child with the aid of her mother, Gaia, giving Cronus a stone wrapped in
swaddling clothes instead. Zeus grew to manhood, poisoned his father forcin
g him to vomit up his siblings and battled his father and the rest of his al
lies and brothers, the Titans. Zeus and his brothers took as their allies th
ose Titans that Cronus had imprisoned in Tartarus. These allies included the
Cyclopes who were masters of metal craft. The Cyclopes built a mighty altar
and burnt a sacrifice that produced enough smoke to hide Zeus and his broth
ers as they beat Cronus and his Titan brothers. In gratitude, Zeus decreed t
hat the altar be placed in the sky at the beginning of the Milky Way so the
Milky Way itself would be its heavenly smoke.
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Argo Navis: this large, ancient, northern constellation is now practically m
issing from our skies due to precession. It was divided into three individua
l constellations, Carina (Keel), Puppis (Stern) and Vela (Sails) by the Fren
ch astronomer Lacaille in the eighteenth century. Argo lacks bright stars, w
ith the exception of Canopus, due to its presence within the main stream of
the Milky Way galaxy along the southern horizon.
Mesopotamia: representation of the ark used by the Sumerian Noah, Utnapishti
m, and his wife during the time of the great flood. See the Mesopotamian leg
end of Ara.
Egypt: the ark that transported Isis and Osiris during the great deluge in E
gyptian mythology. Osiris is identified with the star Canopus.
Greece: the Argo of Jason and the Argonaut fame. The representation of the s
hip typically shows the ship missing its bow, strange since the bow, a gift
from Athena, had the power of speech and could warn of impending danger. See
the Greek legend of Aries.
Christian legend: identifies the constellation as Noah's Ark.
The Legend of Canopus: stories abound about this star in several mythologies
with the star receiving its name from the Greeks. Menelaus lost his helmsma
n, Kanopus, on the island of Pharos as he returned from the Trojan War. (Not
e for Career Day: don't become a helmsman! They usually died in tragic and/o
r painful ways. Very bad!) A monument and eventually a city were built in ho
nor of Kanopus. The first star seen to rise above the monument was consecrat
ed in his name. Ancient Canopus was the location of the Temple of Serapis, t
he Serapeum, which was where Ptolemy had his observatory. Desert nomads iden
tified Canopus as al-Fahl, a mythical camel and the subject of superstitions
, stories and proverbs. They believed its blue light imparted precious stone
s with their worth and also had healing powers. The rising of al-Fahl marks
the year, the ripening of dates, the end of summer heat and the weaning of y
oung camels. It also has the tradition of being used by travelers in the sou
thern hemisphere in the same way as Polaris in the north. In the sixth centu
ry, Russian and Greek Orthodox Christian pilgrims used the star as their gui
de when traveling to the convent of Saint Catherine. These people called the
star the Star of Saint Catherine.
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Aries: important constellation in the years approximately 2,000 years before
the birth of Christ because it was the position of the equinox, previously
the position held by Taurus. The change was due to the precession of the axi
s and became evident throughout the mythologies of several areas as the cult
of the ram overtook that of the bull. The constellation was at one time cal
led the Prince of the Zodiac. This slow precession has since shifted the sun
's position from Aries to Pisces.
Mesopotamia: the Sumerians called the sun, Subat, meaning the Ancient Sheep
or Ram and the planets the Celestial Herd. The bright star in Aries, Hamal,
meaning the lamb, represented one of the stars in the Scimitar, a celestial
weapon that protected against the Seven Diabolic Spirits of the Storm. The B
abylonian priest Berossos who lived around 275 BC said that the world was cr
eated when the Sun was in the Ram.
Egypt: during the time of Dionysus and his campaigns in Africa, his troops w
ere traveling through a sandy desert. They ran out of water and were worn ou
t struggling through the sand. A ram appeared before them, rose up in the ai
r and landed behind a dune. When scouts followed the animal, they came upon
a spring of water, but no ram. Dionysus ordered the building of a temple to
Zeus Amon on the spot where the spring rose. A likeness of the ram was place
d in the temple and the ram was placed in the heavens in a position of great
importance.
The cult of Aries had its beginning here since its position at the zenith co
incided with the rising of Sirius in the east and the flooding of the Nile.
The Temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak bore the likeness of the supreme sun-god wit
h the horns of a ram. The road to Karnak was formed from the wings of two gr
anite sphinxes bearing the head of Aries.
Greece: Zeus' wife, Hera, had a suitor named Ixion who was tricked by Zeus i
nto impregnating a cloud that had the likeness of Hera. The cloud, Nephele,
bore a child and Ixion, as punishment for his attempted indiscretion with Ze
us' wife, was attached to a flaming wheel and forced to roll around the heav
ens for eternity. This is an early reference to the line of the ecliptic, th
e path of the sun as it moves through the sky. The child was the first centa
ur. Nephele was lonely and eventually fell in love with Athamas, the king of
B?eotia and brother of Sisyphus. She had two children, Phrixus and Helle, w
ho Athamus eventually tried to have sacrificed after he fell out of love wit
h their mother. Hera sent a golden ram to their aid. They jumped on its back
and were carried out of harm's way, but not necessarily to safety. Helle lo
st her grip and fell to her death into the part of the sea that became known
as the Hellespont. Phrixus landed at Colchis on the Black Sea and sacrifice
d the ram in honor of Zeus. He took the fleece of the ram and hung it in a s
acred wood in his honor as well, leaving as its guard a dragon sometimes rep
resented by the constellation Draco. This fleece became the stuff of which l
egends were made as it was sought by countless men not unlike the Holy Grail
. The golden fleece of the ram was the treasure sought by Jason and his Argo
nauts. See the Greek legends of Argo Navis and Draco.
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Auriga: the Charioteer is customarily represented as half man, half snake. T
his constellation was called the Chariot by the Assyrians. The Greeks called
it the Holder of the Reins. Capella, the name of its beautiful golden star,
means She-Goat and represents the goat that suckled the infant Zeus and who
se horn Zeus broke off in his play. This horn became the legendary Horn of P
lenty, which was filled with whatever its possessor wished.
Mesopotamia: in Old Babylonian glyptic art, a crook-headed stick is often re
presented as being held by the gods, often Amurru, a violent god associated
with nomadic tribes and represented by the constellation Perseus. The crooke
d stick is shown in the sky by the constellation Auriga, the charioteer. See
the Mesopotamian legends of Perseus.
Greece: accidental son of Hephaestus and Mother Earth, Auriga symbolized the
impregnability of the city of Athens. According to legend, the crippled Hep
haestus tried to rape Athena after Poseidon told him that the goddess wanted
to make wild love to him. In his haste, Hephaestus ejaculated on Athena's l
eg. Disgusted she wiped herself clean with a piece of wool and threw the clo
th on the ground. His seed impregnated Mother Earth with a child she didn't
want and wouldn't care for. The child, Erichthonius, was born with his lower
body that of a snake. Cared for by Cecrops, another child of Earth's, Erich
thonius grew to manhood, shunned by others because of his deformity. Athena
pitied the boy and raised him as her own son in the city of Athens. He event
ually became king there and developed the four horse chariot. Athena was kno
wn as a virgin goddess, a reputation that was necessary if the city of Athen
s was to remain strong and undefeated. Several legends sprang up around the
goddess to protect her virginity. As long as she remained a virgin, the city
of Athens was impregnable and safe. Erichthonius, though not her son, prote
cted her and was placed in the sky as a show of gratitude from the goddess.
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Bo?tes: sometimes called the herdsman and sometimes the plowman, its legends
depend strongly on the time period during which it is identified. Greek leg
end places it within the mythologies of Callisto, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
Legends prior to the classical Greek myths sprang up during the third mille
nnium BC when the constellation was circumpolar and Thuban, a star in Draco,
was the pole star.
Saharan legend, 5744 BC: at this time the star forming the head of the const
ellation was the pole star. As a result, the body perfectly aligned with the
meridian at midnight on each of the solstices and equinoxes. This important
position would logically be held by the Titan, Atlas, who held the world on
his shoulders. The tradition of Atlas was adapted into Greek mythology from
earlier stories placing the garden of the Hesperides within the borders of
the Sahara Desert. As the precession of the axis shifted the pole star away
from this constellation, its mythology shifted as well. See the Greek legend
of Hercules.
Greece: connections with the cult of Dionysus, the god of wine, are made in
Early Greek legends. Later stories connect Bo?tes with Ursa Major. Icarius w
as the first man to learn the cultivation of grapes and their fermentation i
nto wine. Icarius, after his death, was placed in the sky by Dionysus in cel
ebration of the development of fermentation and wine. His dog, Maera, became
the bright star Procyon.
The legend of the Great Bear explains the naming of the bright star, Arcturu
s, in Bo?tes. Literally, the bear protector, Arcturus follows the constellat
ion, supposedly the heavenly version of his mother, Callisto. See the Greek
legends of Ursa Major.
Another story refers to how the goddess of cultivation, Demeter, lay with th
e Titan Iasion and produced two sons, Plutus and Philomelus. The brothers ne
ver agreed on anything. Plutus was wealthy and never gave his brother assist
ance. Philomelus invented the wagon and used his profits to buy two oxen. Th
ese he used to plow and cultivate fields. In recognition of Philomelus' inge
nuity, Demeter raised him to the skies as Bo?tes, the plowman, with the Big
Dipper as his plow.
Rome: seen as a plowman, Bo?tes followed the stars of the plow, a constellat
ion derived from the asterism known today as the Big Dipper.
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--
We are angles with but one wing each.
To fly we must embrace each other.
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