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发信人: Systems (Matrix Analysis), 信区: English
标 题: (4)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年12月31日23:39:35 星期二), 站内信件
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Corvus: the crow is punished by being placed in the sky near the constellati
on Hydra because it made Apollo an unhappy god.
Greece: the crow was the symbolic bird of Apollo. Apollo was unhappy with th
e crow because it did not return to him with pure water quickly enough for a
sacrifice Apollo wished to make to Zeus. The crow it turns out had stopped
to eat some figs and waited until they were ripe. Apollo had to make do with
less pure water for his needs. Fearing that Apollo would be angry with him
for being so late, the crow captured a water snake (Hydra) to use as an alib
i claiming the snake caused the delay. To punish the crow for his tardiness,
Apollo cursed the crow by giving him a sore throat during the time when the
figs are ripening. With such a sore throat, the crow could not drink water.
Apollo also changed the color of the crow from snow white to black and plac
ed the crow, the cup and the serpent in the sky as a warning to others who w
ould try to lie to a god. See the Greek legends of Crater, Hydra and Ophiuch
us.
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Crater: typically seen as a vessel for wine.
Mesopotamia: called the Cup of the Serpent, this constellation was associate
d with wine, orgies and funerals. (The finer things in life?) Before the cul
tivation of grapes and their use in the making of wine, myrtle berries were
boiled in a bronze or terra-cotta crater mounted on a tripod or pedestal. Th
is wine had strong aphrodisiac properties and orgies usually followed heavy
drinking bouts. The non-agricultural peoples of the time did not understand
the importance or the possibility of cultivation and assumed that all plants
came from the decaying bodies of demons.
Greece: a crater was a terra cotta vessel in which equal parts water and win
e were mixed to cut the potency of strong Greek wine. According to legend, t
he people of the city of Eleusis were struck by a horrible plague that took
the lives of many. Apollo's oracle decreed that a sacrifice must be made eac
h year to the gods of the city. The sacrifice was to be the life of a maiden
of noble blood. Demonphon, the king, not wishing to include his own daughte
rs, drew lots to choose from the daughters of the noblemen of the city. He g
ot away with this for several years when the nobleman, Mastusius, objected s
ince the king's daughters were not included in the lots. Demonphon sacrifice
d one of Mastusius' daughters without drawing lots and said nothing more. Pr
etending all was fine and continuing as an ally to the king, Mastusius hatch
ed a plan. An invitation to dinner was sent to the king. Sending his daughte
rs ahead and thinking nothing was amiss, Demophon drank the wine that was of
fered upon his arrival. Mastusius had hoped the daughters would arrive befor
e their father and had them killed. He mixed their blood with wine in a crat
er and served this to the king. When the murders were discovered, Mastusius
was killed and thrown into the sea along with the crater. The vessel was als
o placed in the sky to remind men that evil deeds do not go unpunished. See
the Greek legend of Corvus.
India: the goblet that was used to carry soma, the drink of the gods, by the
moon, Chandra. These early peoples believed that the changing phases of the
moon meant that the gods had drunk the moon away. At the time of these beli
efs, 4,000 BC, and due to the precession of the axis, the sun shown directly
over this constellation during the summer solstice. Indra-sun drank several
goblets of soma to invigorate himself to do battle with the evil darkness,
Vritra. Soma was stored in this constellation. See the Indian legends of Hyd
ra and Pegasus.
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Crux: not one of the original constellations of Ptolemy, this southern const
ellation is actually part of the constellation of Centaurus. It was made an
individual constellation by Amerigo Vespucci who named it the Almond in 1501
! No indication of the legality of his state of mind at the time has been pa
ssed down to us through history. Members of Magellan's crew called it the So
uthern Cross in 1520 during their voyage circumnavigating the globe and that
designation was officially adopted by Bayer when he included it in his star
atlas in 1603.
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Cygnus: this is a bright northern constellation whose stars do not lose thei
r brilliance even though the constellation overlaps the Milky Way. It is als
o known as the Northern Cross. In an ancient star list from the Euphrates re
gion, the swan was called Bird of the Forest. The Arabs called it the Flying
Eagle or the Hen, and it was also known as the Hen in early Egypt. The name
of the bright star Deneb means tail in Arabic. It is sometimes considered t
o represent Orpheus who played his lyre to win the soul of his departed wife
.
Greece: Several myths concerning Zeus transforming himself into a swan in or
der to seduce some passing maiden abound. Two other stories explain the orig
in of the constellation differently. Cycnus, son of Apollo and Hyria gave th
ree impossible tasks to the hero Phylius to perform. When Phylius was succes
sful, Cycnus threw himself into a lake and drowned himself in shame. His mot
her, Hyria, threw herself into the lake in despair and they were both transf
ormed into swans.
The poet Ovid describes the story of Cygnus, brother of Pha?thon, who roamed
the land in search of his brother's body when he died following his fall to
Earth from the chariot of the sun. Pha?thon's tortured body had fallen into
the River Eridanus. Cygnus threw himself into the water and repeatedly dove
beneath the surface in search of Pha?thon. In mercy, the gods transformed h
im into a swan. This story explains why swans wander over water seemingly in
search of something and deep in thought and occasionally plunge their heads
below the surface. And you thought they were just eating! See the Greek leg
ends of Eridanus and Lyra.
Christian legend: the true cross on which Christ had drawn his last breath w
as supposedly discovered by Saint Helena, the mother of Constantine, three c
enturies after the crucifixion. It is believed that the constellation repres
ents a holy sign since it appears upright above the Western Hills at nine o'
clock on the night before Christmas.
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Delphinus: the constellation of the dolphin is an ancient one. Dolphins are
usually seen as the mediators between the gods and men.
Greece: Poseidon was looking for a wife and chose Amphirite, one of the Nere
ids. She refused him and hid herself in the Atlas mountains in what is now M
orocco. Poseidon sent a dolphin to plead his case and she agreed to marry th
e sea god. She bore him three daughters: Triton, Rhode and Benthesicyme. In
mythology these three daughters represent the lucky new moon, the full harve
st moon and the dangerous waning moon respectively. In later stories, Triton
was masculinized. The dolphin was immortalized in the sky.
Poseidon, like Zeus, had his extramarital dalliances. One produced a son, Ar
ion, who was a beautiful and talented bard, musician and poet. While in Sici
ly for a competition he won first prize and the envy of the sailors who were
to bring him home to his patron, the tyrant-king of Corinth, Periander. Ste
aling his wealth and preparing to throw him overboard, Arion begged to be al
lowed to die as a bard, singing and playing his lyre. The music drew a schoo
l of dolphins to the surface to listen. Arion jumped into the water after si
nging his last and the dolphins allowed him to ride on their backs. They ret
urned him to the shores of Corinth before the ship could reach port. The dol
phin who transported him even threw itself onto the beach to be sure he was
safe and died in the process. Periander erected a monument to the dolphin on
the beach and when the ship returned with the thieving sailors he had them
crucified on the beach before the monument.
China: known by the name Tien-Kion, the Celestial Stable, in honor of the ho
rse sacrifices that were a common practice at the time. In the spring, with
the rising of the constellation, horse sacrifices would occur and the blood
of the animal were smeared on the stable walls.
India: called Shi-shu-mara, the porpoise.
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Draco the Dragon: star group that twists between the constellations of the G
reat Bear and the Little Bear. Its star, Thuban, found within the body of th
e dragon, was once the pole star. Draco's strange, winding shape can be expl
ained if Thuban and the rest of the sky is precessed back to their respectiv
e positions in the time of ancient Egypt. Draco's body joins with that of th
e snake held by Ophiuchus, which in turn connects to Hydra. Hydra delineated
the celestial equator, and Ophiuchus' serpent followed the equator until it
intersected the meridian of the fall equinox. It then bent in a right angle
and followed the meridian at the base of Draco's tail until it marked the z
enith with the pole star at Thuban. The upper coils and head of the beast wr
apping about the pole star. By astronomical chance, the Dragon's Head and Dr
agon's Tail marked the positions of the lunar nodes, those points where the
paths of the solar and lunar orbits intersect and where solar and lunar ecli
pses may occur. The Dragon's head refers to the ascending node, the Dragon's
tail the descending node. In several cultures, an eclipse was attributed to
the disappearance of the moon or sun as they were swallowed by a dragon. Th
e fact that the stars of this circumpolar constellation never set plays an i
mportant part in its mythologies.
Mesopotamia: considered the female monster, Tiamat, symbol of chaos, defeate
d by Marduk when he cut her in two following an epic battle that describes t
he creation of earth as seen by the people of Sumer. One half became the con
stellation of the dragon and the other became the Hydra. See the Mesopotamia
n legends of Andromeda, Cetus, Hercules, Hydra and Perseus.
Egypt: part of the constellation of the Crocodile that represented Set, rule
r of darkness, the dead and the circumpolar stars. Several of the pyramids a
t Abousseir and Giza were oriented to the position of the star Thuban. The G
reat Pyramid of Cheops was built with a narrow passage having a length of 12
6 meters and at an inclination of 26°17' over the horizon. Every night Thub
an shown directly through this passage into the chamber of the sarcophagus.
Greece: representation of the vigilant dragon that protected the golden appl
es of the Hesperides, as well as the dragon who guarded the Golden Fleece in
the Garden of Ares. See the Greek legends of Aries and Hercules.
China: part of the constellation of Yuen Wei
Christian legend: the serpent who tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden.
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We are angles with but one wing each.
To fly we must embrace each other.
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