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发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年12月31日23:46:14 星期二), 站内信件
Scorpius: this is one of the few constellations that resembles the creature
it represents. Originally a much larger constellation, its claws were remove
d by Julius Caesar to produce the constellation of Libra the scales. Today,
it sits so low along the southern horizon that the curve of its tail is no l
onger visible to most of the northern latitudes. Its bright star Antares at
the heart of the insect has undergone some impressive changes in apparent ma
gnitude over the centuries.
Mesopotamia: the scorpion is associated with the Semitic goddess, Ishara, wi
fe of the corn god Dagan. He is said to have invented the plow. She is later
associated with Istar, following the incorporation of Semitic mythologies i
nto those of the Sumerians. Her scorpion is always represented with its stin
g up, ready to strike the unwary.
Greece: the scorpion is the celestial representation of the animal sent by A
pollo to sting Orion. In the story of Pha?thon, the horses of the sun chario
t became wild after flying too high in the sky and encountering the scorpion
. In stellar catalogs, the legendary healer Ophiuchus is shown with his foot
crushing Scorpius. See the Greek legends of Ophiuchus, Orion and Sagittariu
s.
Mayans: the Sign of the Death God.
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Taurus: the bright star within the constellation, Aldebaran, means the Follo
wer in Arabic. It is believed to follow the Pleiades cluster across the sky.
Aldebaran marks the position of the other star cluster of Taurus, the Hyade
s. Taurus is another constellation that was, like Scorpius, cut to produce t
wo smaller groups. Early representations of the constellation in stellar cat
alogs show the entire body of the animal. The bull was a sacred animal in se
veral cultures from the Sumerians to the Egyptians. The Israelites even made
a golden calf after Moses climbed Mount Sinai. The bull was divided into th
e front half of the animal with the back portion used to construct the const
ellation of Aries. See the Greek legend of the Pleiades.
Mesopotamia: the mythical Bull of Heaven who was called up by Anu for his da
ughter, Istar, to destroy the city of Uruk after she made amorous advances t
oward Gilgamesh. Istar was a goddess associated with extramarital sex, sexua
l behavior, prostitution and war, although not necessarily in that order. Un
impressed with Istar's treatment of her several former lovers, Gilgamesh ref
used her attempts to add him to her stable. The Bull caused wide-spread dest
ruction and was slain by Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. According to legen
d, Enkidu threw the thigh of the bull at Istar after the bull was killed. Th
is explains the lack of the thigh in the constellation of the bull in the sk
y. See the legend of Orion.
Egypt: worshipped as the living symbol of Apis, the bull was a revered anima
l placed in the sky out of deference. Apis, a white animal with sacred black
markings, was born of a virginal cow at Memphis. In its 25th year it was ri
tualistically killed, mummified and entombed, similar to the mummification r
ites of the pharaohs. Similar animals were sought and deified when found. Th
e pharaoh Ptolemy I sought to unite the cultures of Egypt and Greece by comb
ining the symbol of Apis with Osiris in the identity of Serapis or Hermes.
Greece: the Hyades cluster forms a V-shape of six stars within the forehead
of the bull. They are daughters of Atlas, sisters of the Pleiades and the bo
y Hyad, hence their name. They were said to have died of grief after their b
rother was killed by a boar during a hunt. Zeus placed them in the sky in ho
nor of sisterly love. The rising of the cluster signaled the coming of the a
utumnal rainy season as caused by their ceaseless weeping.
Taurus represents at least two bulls and one cow in classical mythology. Zeu
s in his incarnation of the splendid white bull that abducted the maiden Eur
opa, taking her to the island kingdom of Crete. There she bore him several c
hildren including King Minos. The skin of the ox from which Orion was born t
o the childless, widower shepherd, Irieus, is also represented by Taurus. Th
e unfortunate Io, who dallied with Zeus in the guise of a bull, was changed
by Hera into a cow following her liaison with the jealous goddess' husband.
Hera then sent a stinging fly to chase the unfortunate creature over the ent
ire known world. Io did bear one child to Zeus. His son, born in Egypt, beca
me the pharaoh Epaphus and identified by many as the reincarnation of Apis.
See the Greek legend of Orion and Sagittarius.
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Triangulum: this tiny constellation forms a right triangle that appears to p
oint to the constellation of Aries. It is said that Apollo placed it in the
sky as a guidepost to the more faint ram. Egyptian stories refer to its rese
mblance to the delta of the Nile River.
Egypt: symbol of Horus as represented by the eye of the god after it was plu
cked out of his head by Set during the murder of his twin brother.
Greece: celestial representation of the island of Sicily, wedding present gi
ven to Ceres, the Great Mother, by Hades after abducting and marrying her da
ughter Core (Proserpine). On January 1, 1801, the astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi
, director of the observatory of Palermo, discovered the first minor planet
or asteroid. It appeared in the sky within the area of Triangulum and was na
med Ceres in honor of the goddess.
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Ursa Major: this constellation, in addition to the belt stars of Orion, is p
robably the most easily recognizable star pattern in the northern skies. The
se stars are important in that they belong to a circumpolar constellation an
d also because of their usefulness in pointing to the pole star Polaris. The
dim star Alcor visible above Mizar, the second star in the handle of the Di
pper, figures in many legends.
Mesopotamia: the seven stars of the Big Dipper were called the Long Wagon by
the Sumerians.
Greece: Callisto was one of Zeus' many lovers. They met after the unfortunat
e damage caused following the disastrous ride of Pha?thon in the sun chariot
. Zeus was checking on a particularly favorite spot of his, the land of Arca
dia, when he first set eyes on the beautiful nymph Callisto. Two variations
exist concerning her story and why she appears as a bear. In one story, Call
isto is turned into a bear by Hera after she gave birth to Zeus' son Arcas.
Arcas grew into a great hunter as a young man. Callisto seeing her son in th
e woods attempted to approach him but could only growl. Seeing the bear adva
nce on him, Arcas drew his spear. To protect the son from killing his own mo
ther, Zeus changed Arcas into a bear as well and placed them both in the sky
well within Hera's sight every night of the year. Hera's reward was that th
e two could never drink from the sea. An explanation for the great lengths o
f the bear's tails lies in the fact that Zeus grabbed them both by their tai
ls and swung them over his head before flinging them upward. The tails stret
ched. In the second variation of this sad story, Zeus himself turns Callisto
into the bear to hide her from Hera. Hera guarantees that the boy grows to
be an excellent hunter and makes sure that Callisto is in the right place at
the wrong time when she confronts her son. See the Greek legend of Bo?tes.
Algonquin and Iroquois: several Native American legends exist concerning the
stars of Ursa Major, Bo?tes and the Corona Borealis. The Bear is represente
d by the four stars of the bowl in Ursa Major. Bear is hunted by Robin, Chic
kadee, Cowbird, Pigeon, Blue Jay and two Owls as represented by the stars of
the handle in Ursa Major and several of the stars in Bo?tes. The Pan is the
dim double star Alcor in Ursa Major. The Den is represented by two stars in
Bo?tes and the circle of the Corona Borealis. As Bear awakens from hibernat
ion in the spring, she leaves her Den. She is pursued by the Hunters as repr
esented by the Birds throughout the year. Chickadee carries a Pan, the tiny
star Alcor, in which she is planning to cook the meat of Bear. By the end of
the fall all but the first three Hunters have given up following Bear. Thes
e Hunters, stars in Bo?tes have already set. The remaining Hunters catch Bea
r in late autumn and she rises up on her hind legs to protect herself. Robin
hits her with an arrow and Bear falls over. These changes in the direction
of the animal are explained by the apparent change in the position of the co
nstellation as viewed during this time of the year. Bear is cut up and cooke
d in winter, her skeleton remaining in the sky while the constellation lies
on its back. Her spirit has already entered another Bear hibernating in her
Den in Corona Borealis. See the Native American legend of Corona Borealis.
Anonymous legend: a saucepan with a tiny man sitting on the handle (Alcor) w
aiting for the contents of the pan to boil so he can remove it from the fire
. This would signal the end of the world.
Arabic legend: the slow movement of the stars of the bear around the pole st
ar suggested to some people the procession of a funeral. The stars of the bo
wl were called the Coffin. Peoples in the Persian Gulf area saw the constell
ation as the representation of the funeral procession of al-Naash who was as
sassinated by al-Jadi, the Pole Star. The stars of the handle were his child
ren with Mizar as his daughter carrying her tiny son, the dim star Alcor. La
ter, the constellation was identified as the Litter of Lazarus with the star
s of the handle associated with the women Mary, Martha, and Mary Magdalene f
ollowing behind.
Aztecs: it is Texcatlipoca, a dark god associated with death and the north.
One of his feet is missing and is thought to have been eaten by a heavenly m
onster. This shows that the entire constellation isn't visible from the part
of Mexico where the story originated since the star that represents the mis
sing foot is below the horizon within that area.
Basques of northern Spain: the stars represent 2 bulls being followed by 2 t
hieves and all are watched by the herdsman and his male and female slaves. T
he eighth star of the constellation, Alcor, is seen as a small dog just abov
e the second bull. Other variations have this eighth star a rat that gnaws a
t the straps on the yoke of the bulls.
Celtic legend: the Great Bear is associated with King Arthur whose name is d
erived from Arth or Bear and Uthyr or Luminous. The rest of the constellatio
n was called Arthur's Wagon.
Chinese: the 7 stars are the images of the 7 astronomical Rectors who are th
e masters of the reality of heavenly influences.
Hindu: the 7 brightest stars of the Great Bear are the homes of the 7 Rishi
or primordial sages.
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Ursa Minor: the constellation bearing the present day pole star, Polaris, th
is constellation actually lacks otherwise remarkable stars. The stars of the
Little Bear were at one time the wings of the dragon Draco. They were remov
ed by Thales in his creation of the Little Bear. Because of this late separa
tion, the constellation lacks ancient references.
Egypt: identified as the Dog of Set, the stars of Ursa Minor represented the
god's animal, the Jackal.
Greece: seen as the ursid form of the young hunter Arcas, transformed into a
bear by Zeus to keep him from harming his mother Callisto.
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Virgo: the image of a female deity has long been associated by early culture
s with the constellation of Virgo. Ancient star maps often depict a winged w
oman holding stalks of wheat or corn in her left hand. The bright star that
represents the woman's left hand is called Spica, which means Ear of Grain i
n Latin. The representation of the constellation as a goddess of cultivation
is due to the position of the summer solstice within this portion of the sk
y from 6000 to 4000 BC. Its appearance marked the time of harvest and the ch
ange of seasons. The figure of a woman within this portion of the sky was pr
obably determined by the matriarchal societies of this era when the developm
ent of the sciences and arts of agriculture and grafting, the domestication
of animals and the settling of cities was occurring. The Arabs called Spica
the Defenseless One because it lacks bright companion stars. It is visible o
n clear summer nights if you trace a line from Polaris to the south, through
Arcturus in Bo?tes. It also forms a large triangle with Arcturus and Denebo
la in the constellation Leo that can be used to orient yourself. Some of the
mythological representations of Virgo are Nana, Eve, Istar, Demeter, Hecate
, Themis, Hera, Astraea, Diana, Cybele, Isis, Fortuna, Erigone, Sibylla and
the Virgin Mother. All representations of the Great Mother in some form. She
who existed before the masculine gods of ancient and classical mythology.
Mesopotamia: the constellation is represented by the Hittite goddess Sala, g
oddess of fertility and agriculture as well as Nana, an agricultural goddess
of Sumerian-Akkadian derivation. She is eventually associated with one of s
everal goddesses known variously as Ishtar and Istar who represent springtim
e, the harvest, innocent and married love and eventually ritualized prostitu
tion, war and death. This final incarnation is Istar, daughter of Anu the sk
y and known from the Epic of Gilgamesh. The constellation is sometimes refer
red to as the Furrow, with the brightest star of the constellation, Spica, r
epresenting a stalk of grain.
Egypt: Virgo represents the goddess Isis, the moon goddess-wife of Osiris th
e god of fertility and agriculture, and mother of Horus the new moon. Isis o
riginally represented the Great Mother, similar to Nana and Themis. She is u
sually depicted as a woman carrying a small child in her arms, probably the
infant Horus. The image eventually came to represent the Virgin Mary holding
the infant Jesus.
Greece: well before the written word, the Great Mother existed. Long after t
he ascension of the male gods of classical mythology she still existed in th
e form of the Titan Themis. No god dared to work contrary to her wishes. Mot
her of the Hours and Order, Themis regulated the passage of time and the sea
sons and was known as the Great Goddess of Necessity. The mythical Hours, Eu
nomia, or Legal Order; Dice, or Just Recompense; and Irene, or Peace; were t
he goddesses of civilization and peace who guarded the gates of Olympus. Whe
n Dice felt that mankind no longer respected justice, she retreated to the m
ountains and later abandoned the earth for the sky becoming the Virgin.
Another classical reference names the Virgin as Demetra or Demeter (Ceres),
goddess of crops, vegetation, fertility, the harvest and civilization. Demet
er's daughter, Core (Persephone), was abducted by Hades while she was gather
ing flowers. Taking her to his dark kingdom, he made her his wife. In her gr
ief over the loss of her daughter, Demeter ceased the growth of green plants
. Animals and men starved. They prayed to Zeus to stop their anguish. He spo
ke to Hades on behalf of civilization asking him to return the girl to her m
other. Zeus appointed the goddess Hecate to act as council and determine a f
air means of deciding if Core should be returned to her mother. Hecate decid
ed that if Core had not eaten any food while in the realm of the dead, she c
ould return to her mother with no obligations to Hades. The god of the Tarta
rus agreed to what he considered a fare decision. In fact Core had eaten sev
en seeds from a pomegranate and would therefore have to remain in Tartarus.
Demeter threatened to continue the suspension of plant growth until Zeus int
erfered. He decreed that Core stay with Hades for three months of the year a
s his wife. She would return to her mother for the balance. During her time
in Tartarus, the growth of plants is suspended, they wither and die as Demet
er pines for her lost daughter. With her return in the spring, new plant gro
wth returns to Earth.
Christian beliefs: with the rise of the patriarchal society and religion of
Christianity, no strong female figure was easily recognizable. The Virgin Ma
ry, as mother of God, became the obvious representation of all the noble and
necessary feminine traits of the Great Mother. Her representation in the st
ars was placed with Virgo.
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--
We are angles with but one wing each.
To fly we must embrace each other.
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