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摘 要
约瑟夫康拉德(1857-1924)是英国文学史上一个特殊的人物。
他在当了20年海员后才开始写作,作品共30多部。这些文学
作品深刻的内涵,独特的叙述风格和生动传神的心理描写为
他带来了世界性的声誉。
本文旨在通过对康拉德作品及生平资料发掘觉有多文化背景
特征的康拉德完整形象。并且力图探寻其写作动机,把握其
艺术创作和生平经历的潜在联系,浅述其影响。
关键词 多文化背景 叙述风格
生平经历 影响
ABSTRACT
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) is a special figure in the history of English lite
rature.
He started to write after 20 years as seaman and produced more than 30 novel
s
and prose works. These literary works brought him worldwide fame for their
profound depth of thoughts, unique narrative styles and vivid psychological
portrays.
This paper intends to discover the whole image of the multi-cultural Conrad
from
his writings and other available resources, and try to inquire the motivati
on behind
his writing and the latent relations underneath his life experiences and his
artistic
creation. And it will try to scan and sum up his influences to the cultural
trends after him.
Key Words multi-cultural narrative style
Life experiences influences
CONTENT
摘要………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………..…1
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………
……..……….2
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………
….………… 4
1. Multi-cultural Conrad of Paradox and Riddle………………………………………
… 5
1.1. A Polish and Russian Conrad………………………………………………….. 5
1.2. A French and British Conrad……………………………………………………. 7
1.3. A African and Asian Conrad…………………………………………………….. 8
1.4. Conrad as a Seaman………………………………………………………………… 9
2. Multi-linguistic Conrad of Great Narrative Power
and Unique Style…………………………………………………………………….……...
10
2.1. Linguistic Crisis and Advantages
with Several Tongues………………………………………………….……….. 10
2.2. A Great Story-Teller
and Efficient Stylist……………………………………………………..……….. 12
2.3. Evolvement in Different Periods
of Artistic Creation………………………………………………….………….… 13
2.3.1. ‘Walks in the Abyss’……………………………………...…………. 13
2.3.2. ‘Hollow Man’………………………………………………….………….. 14
2.3.3. ‘Reminiscence and Sum-up’………………………….…………. 14
3. Conrad’s Influences to Literature and
other aspects of cultural life……………………………………………………….……
15
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………
……………16
PREFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..…
……..17
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………………
..……….18
Life of Stories, and Stories of Life
----A Brief Intro to Joseph Conrad and His Writing
Introduction
Joseph Conrad, the famous Polish-born English writer, author of “Heart of D
arkness”, “Lord Jim”, “Nostromo” and other great literary works, was th
ought by some critics as one of the greatest English writers of his time.
Conrad (Josef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) was born in 1857 in south Poland,
when the country was under the reign of Czarist Russia. His early days were
quite miserable. His father, Apollo Korzeniowski (Polish dramatist, translat
or and political activist) took an active part in the anti-Russian movement
and was at last exiled to northern Russia. Conrad’s mother died in Russia w
hen he was 8 years old. His father Apollo also died in Russia 4 years after.
In the fall of 1874, at the age of 12, Conrad went to Marseilles, France, t
o become a trainee seaman in the French Merchant Service. Later he went to E
ngland and worked as ordinary seaman, second mate (1881), first mate (1883),
and then captain (1886). His footprint was all over the globe around South
America, South Asia, Australia, Africa, Mediterranean and many other places.
In 1890, he began to write in English. In 1896, Conrad got married to an En
glish woman and settled down in Southern England, Kent County, where he died
in 1924.
The life of Conrad was full of changes. He traveled all around the world, li
ved his life here and there in completely different culture. He was a skille
d user of 4 languages at one time (Polish, Russian, French and English), and
was acquainted with many other languages. Slav, Latin, Anglo-Saxon, Asian &
African journeys, and tens of years of sea life, all these contributed to t
he character of Conrad and latterly his unique writing. “Poland made him a
passionate patriot; France prepared him the unique style of writing; England
introduce the most advanced productivity, political concepts and the effici
ent language to write; Asia & Africa provided the context and wild setting f
or the novellas.”(Youth----A Selection of Joseph Conrad, p. 3, 1997, Shangh
ai Translate Press)
The typical theme of Conrad’s writing was the relation between sea and land
, the relation between nature and the human world. ‘Unlike the ‘sea writer
s’ like Stevenson, Conrad took sea as counterpoint to land. He extended the
opposability between sea and land to that between nature and the human soci
ety. Nevertheless he was not a unconditional objector against the human worl
d, but a discoverer of the sanctity of nature which weighs as much as human
civilization does.’ (Youth----A Selection of Joseph Conrad, p. 3, 1997, Sha
nghai Translate Press)
This turn out to be the drive force behind all those masterpieces. But in fa
ct it’s a compliment rather than the motivation for Conrad’s writing. To e
xplore the motivation beneath Conrad’s writing, we must not leave the write
r alone in this never-ending big party of criticism. His writing was never s
eparated from the being of himself, the very reality of his life experience.
That’s what we’re going to deal with in this paper: the relation between
Conrad’s writing and his life----how his life affected his novels, and how
the novels reflect the writer’s life.
1. A Multi-cultural Writer of Paradox and Riddle
In mocking the biographer’s desire for clarity of outline and developing ch
ronology, Conrad’s life has often seemed to demand creative rescue-work aki
n to the freely novelistic method of evocation he used in his own autobiogra
phical volumes, The Mirror of the Sea and A Personal Record. In these works,
the truly authentic portrayal of a life-history calls for the dissolution o
f all boundaries between novel and biography in order to ‘to make you see t
he subject in his scenery’ and thereby produce an impressionist rendering o
f ‘such affair as are our human lives’ (Ford, Joseph Conrad: A Personal Re
membrance, p. 6)
The logic connecting the various diverse phases of Conrad’s life often appe
ared so mysterious to himself that he would repeatedly speak and write about
it in terms of a dream-like ‘affair’.
Such a life history, particularly in its early stages, presents a teasing ch
allenge to many of the conventions of biographical method. Like his fictiona
l Lord Jim, Conrad as subject can disappear from view for long periods, with
the result that many critical moments in his early life----his childhood il
lness, youth suicide attempt, and affairs of the heart----retain a high degr
ee of mystery. When the subject does make an appearance, he can often be gli
mpsed only through layers of hearsay, reticence, reminiscence, and accompany
ing myth.
Conrad’s earliest sense of himself, as a six-year-old child in 1863, was ty
pically multiple, as ‘Pole, Catholic, Gentleman’ (Baines, Joseph Conrad: A
Critical Biography, p. 14). In 1874, he was an adolescent thought by some t
o be ‘betraying’ his country in his desire to escape Poland for a freer li
fe as a seaman in France. By 1878 he had joined the British Merchant Service
, though still a Russian subject and unable to speak English.
Surprised though the Polish-born ‘Joseph Conrad’ may have been to become a
published English author in 1895 at the age of thirty-seven, ‘it should co
me as no surprise, given the extraordinarily varied and cosmopolitan influen
ces at work on him, that he should turn out to be the novelist of paradox an
d riddle.’(Owen Knowles, Conrad’s Life, The Cambridge Companion to Joseph
Conrad, 1996, Cambridge University Press)
1.1. A Polish and Russian Conrad
Conrad spent almost 20 years on British ships. In the eyes of many Europeans
he’s a real British who could also speak fine French. But at the same time
, he’s a pure Polish descendant, with his Polish life style, emotion and be
havior.
There’s story of Conrad’s name. The name ‘Konrad’ links him to the doome
d but heroic freedom fighter of Adam Mickiewicz’s dramatic poem Konrad Wall
enrod (1828). It identified Conrad simultaneously with the lost historical c
auses of suffering Poland and the binding values of courage, honor, and the
readiness for patriotic self-sacrifice----the qualities Conrad’s father wis
hed and dreamed of in his spiritual home with the Messianic myths of nationa
l suffering and deliverance forged by an earlier generation of Polish writer
s.
Conrad’s father was a radical fighter who devoted his whole life for that f
aith, while Conrad leave the suffering homeland when he was a young man and
later became a British citizen instead of taking any practical ‘patriotic’
actions. Conrad never got over this in his life. Andre Gide(A.纪德) calls t
his psychic state as “lose one’s root”(dérainement).
As a member of a family whose destiny was in the hands of an oppressive auto
cratic machine, Conrad must face isolated exile, the ever-present threat of
illness and death, the absence of an secured home, and tragedy both familial
and national. That might be the first of Conrad’s life-sensations. Conrad’
s father Korzeniowski became ever gloomier after the death of Conrad’s moth
er and the failure of the 1863 insurrection. As Conrad later saw him, he was
‘A man of great sensibilities; of exalted and dreamy temperament; with a t
errible gift of irony and of gloomy disposition; withal the strong religious
feeling degenerating after the loss of his wife into mysticism touched with
despair’ (Letters, Ⅱ, p. 247). Some elements of these early years----hard
ly to be described as a recognizable ‘childhood’----irresistibly bring to
mind the bleak personal and political disposal of the later writer’s fictio
n, with its various institution of life as a solitary ordeal and ‘a choice
of nightmares’ (Heart of Darkness, p. 228) as well as its recurrent studies
of refined idealism being corrupted and transformed into fixed idea. (Owen
Knowles, Conrad Life, p.6)
In most of the Conrad novels we can find the nostalgia of a lonely traveler
far from home. The characters in oriental settings always advance towards ea
st, while in the Europe based stories the characters mostly headed west----t
hey all went in direction opposite to Poland. Many critics comment that lone
some and melancholy are the keynotes of Conrad’s writing, but all these are
just due to that he lost his country and had to adopt himself in strange cu
ltures.
Actually Conrad’s life experience was closely connected with the experience
of his time. Imperialism reached its peak in Conrad’s lifetime. Different
empires thrice carved up Poland. His Prince Roman shows Conrad’s abhorrence
against imperialism. The Polish Prince as native aristocrat, who had gain s
afety and fame under the reign of Czar, gave up the upper-class life and joi
ned the independence movement to be a common soldier. When finally caught by
the Russian troops, he refused to admit any accusation that will help his a
ristocrat relatives’ rescue work. The Prince was exiled to Siberia for 40 y
ears. But he never lost his faith. Conrad wrote in the novel:
It was not the reckless courage of a desperate man; it was a self-possessed,
as if conscientious, valor which nothing could dismay; a boundless but equa
ble devotion, unaffected by time, by reverses, by the discouragement of endl
ess retreats, by the bitterness of waning hopes and the horrors of pestilenc
e added to the toils and perils of war.
(Prince Roman, Joseph Conrad)
This faith is the ideal deeply rooted in Conrad’s frustrated patriotism tha
t had been squeezed and crashed by the brutal political reality of 19th cent
ury Europe.
With no doubt, Prince Roman is the literary reconstruction of Conrad’s fath
er who died as an exile in Russia.
There was a perplexing relation of Conrad to Russia. With no doubt, Conrad h
ated the imperial Russia under the reign of Czar. Russian was the language h
e couldn’t be more familiar for he spent almost all of his childhood in Rus
sia, while at the same time Russian became something that forever arouse his
memory of anguish and failed but unforgettable ideals.
1.2. A French and British Conrad
The misery of one’s country and his own family were too heavy burdens to yo
ung Conrad. He went to France without finishing his college just to become a
n ordinary seaman. France has a kind of close relation with Poland. Many Pol
ish intellectuals hoped that France would eventually help Poland break away
from the Russia rein. In fact, Napoleon once did set up an independent Polan
d Nation for the advantages of France. The national anthem of Poland was ori
ginated from the Polish corps in Napoleon’s Army. Conrad started his seaman
life by stepping onto a French boat and ended it by leaving another. He sai
d once the foreign language most familiar to him was French. His writing ine
vitably was greatly influenced by French literature. He admired Balzac and 莫
泊桑 very much, but his writing style is most similar to 福楼拜.
What Conrad discovered in 1974 Paris, was a bustling, cosmopolitan city full
of social, cultural, and bohemian excitement, where ‘the puppy opened his
eyes’ and ‘life’ began (Letters, Ⅲ, p. 240). If it was romance and fresh
new concepts that Conrad had met in that period on the way to his adulthood
, there must had been disappointment and pang accompanying the great changes
of faith and belief. It was not surprising Conrad was found with suicide in
tension, considering he was chronically adhesive to some ideals that was fat
efully failing----in a greatly diverse city full of flimsy political fancy a
nd fragile personal dream of wealth, social status and private saloon crowed
with hetaera. All these latterly made contribution to a novel The Arrow of
Gold, in which autobiography mingles intriguingly with fiction and myth. It
depicts a youthful hero involved in gun-running for the Spanish Carlist caus
e and who as a result of a love affair, is wounded in a duel. It might be th
e continue of a practice after Conrad encountered the vast store of French l
iterature----romantic, expressive and passionate like Red and Black.
Conrad chose the French writing style, while the English language to write w
ith. The two countries share the common cultural origin that Poland has. In
Conrad’s own words, ‘I’ve never felt that I’m a stranger in these two co
untries----from ideas to social system.’
The English conservative tradition also influences Conrad. He prefers order
and routine, abhorred turbulence and confusion. Unlike many coetaneous write
rs, Conrad showed less concern to the social conflicts in Britain. In his wr
itings, we can hardly find any description of the drastic social changes of
his time. The characters are all far from the rip-roaring land. They are on
the edge and frontier of the ascending civilizations of imperial Europe, con
fronted by the boundless sea, violent storms and the ‘dusky’ continents th
at hadn’t been completely explored and colonized yet.
1.3. An African and Asian Conrad
That’s because Conrad spent many years in the voyages around Africa, Asia a
nd other ‘primitive’ place as real seaman. The long voyages to Conrad were
just like pilgrimages that washed away the grime of western civilization. I
n many of his novels, the conflict between civilization and primitive takes
the form as the conflict between the western world and the African-Asian are
as.
Conrad was born in the western world, under heavy chains of political and ra
cial oppression. Only in the African-Asian surrounding and among the simple-
hearted local people, he felt free.
In Heart of Darkness, we can find piles of description with respect, esteem
and admiration of the primitive forests and unexplored black terra. To Conra
d, the primitive sky, soil and sunshine can’t be substituted by any product
ion of the self-contradictory western civilization. After baptized in the we
stern civilization that takes itself as the center of the world, he found th
e ‘the real being of human’ in the heart of darkness, where ‘nature’ is
not the leftover of civilization but the dominant power. He found it absurd
that when the civilized people talk about the ‘love of nature’---- they ha
d been deprived of that nature they sang high praise for and they didn’t re
alize that they had been cast away from their natural origin. But to the Afr
icans, they love no nature----they ARE the nature themselves.
However, Conrad didn’t mean to wholly reject civilization. His feeling to c
ivilization and nature was rather complex. The civilized minds can’t adapt
themselves to the dream-like primitiveness. So, that darkness could be fetch
ing and abhorrent at one time. Mr. Kurtz, who had been a hero both to the ci
vilized side and the black African worshipers, was in fact tragedy: a civili
zed man stuck been the call from civilized world and the temptation from the
age-old forests where there was no place for him.
In Heart of Darkness, we can feel the author never stop questioning: which w
orld is ‘realer’? What is under the surface of civilization besides glory?
What is that primitive darkness murmuring to us? All these questions touch
the oldest secret of human civilization and its values. Conrad set up a gran
d scene where shocking myths and miracles take place, where concealed truth
and straight ferity show up together before unprepared gentlemen and self-bl
inded sinners. And that make the difference between Heart of Darkness and an
y other stories of African exploration.
A few years ago, a Hollywood movie ‘Apocalypse Now’ caused a great stir. I
ts background is the war in Vietnam. But the movie surpassed the war both on
time and space. Directly it uses the inspiration from Heart of Darkness, ev
en the name of the main character is Kurtz, too (this time a army man lost h
is mind in the jungle and set up a religion for both Vietnam and white follo
wers). Though the theme was weakened with all the war scenes, it still made
a big success as a philosophic film and won the Oscar. In some sense, this e
vent proved that Conrad’s questioning hasn’t lost its meaning and power al
most a hundred years after his death.
1.4. Conrad as a Seaman
For 20 years, Conrad was a professional seaman, a sailor. In his The Mirror
of the Sea, we can find out his feeling to sea life and how much sea had bee
n a part of his perceive of this world. About The Mirror of the Sea, Conrad
once said:” This book is an imaginary art disposal with a kind of nostalgia
. ……It is a record of a time that has almost been forgot by now and a kin
feeling to those activities of the isle residents. It also tries to note and
memorize a respective profession and the feelings, experiences that it brin
gs. ……. It can be read as an account about the ships, seamen and sea, with
personal sentiment.”
When Conrad joined the sea life in late 19 century, it was beginning of the
transition from sailboat to steamboat. Traditional wood-construction ships w
ith lateen sail and busy mariners were still in mainstream along with the ne
wborn machine-powered vessels. There was once such heroic scenery: countless
ships shuttled on every ocean for new colonies and wealth; ships from the o
ldest ones to those foreshowed the dawn of new era of technology sailed side
by side. As we know, traditional way sailing is much more dangerous than th
e modern one. Reliable mechanism and weather service that enable man control
his fate on sea was not yet available. Ship was man’s most faithful friend
on sea. In Conrad’s writing, ship became something with soul. Without ship
it’s impossible for man to step out of the land----even psychologically sp
eaking, it was true.
Conrad made admirable description of the common theme of the never-ending ba
ttle between man and sea. But unlike in novels such as Moby Dick, whose char
acters are rather simple and complanate, the seamen in Conrad’s story are m
uch more ‘human’. There’s no simple love or hate we can find in Typhoon,
Shadow Line, The Nigger of the ‘Narcissus’, Lord Jim and other sea novels.
Seamen are not an innocent group of ‘tough guys’. Each character is speci
al, with his(her) own weakness and strength, keen and horror, astuteness and
folly. Unlike Stevenson, Conrad put the emphasis on the psychology of his c
haracters. What he concerned most was not the adventurous sagas themselves,
but the reflection of those events in the seamen’s hearts. And even beyond
this, Conrad considered all these people, their activities and their minds f
rom a higher and broader viewpoint: the relation between land and sea.
In Conrad’s sea novels, seamen have a curious relation with land and everyt
hing that belongs to land. They long for the land, long for the ease and enj
oyment that’s connected with the thriving and prosperous land. They would b
e overjoyed to see the shore afar after long rough voyages. But at the same
time they feel a kind of oppression from land life and the normal society se
ems like a great complot with enormous knit and knot that would not let them
pass. Land to these vagrants is a home that they can never stay long.
While on the sea, they are out-and-out strangers, unauthorized intruders. Th
ey are a group of frail intruders surrounded by nameless hostility. Insolati
on, swift and violent storms, unconsciously off right course, dead wind, and
adverse ocean currents, are all everyday foes. And besides these, the ship
is not oasis in desert. Ship, is a piece of land that’s brought to the sea
painstakingly. The shadow of land never stops haunting the deck and cabins.
If not under strict disciplines and special hierarchical system of power (so
metimes even despotism), the ship will turn into a crowded tiny society with
all discord, suspicion and wickedness of the land.
On the contradiction between land and sea, Conrad seemed incline to the sea;
and on the contradiction between civilizations and primitive, he spontaneou
sly took the primitive side. This is not a coincidence, but different embodi
ment of the same thought----to resist ‘the distortion of nature by the civi
lized world’. Some concluded it as the retreatism and pessimism of Conrad.
It’s just a misapprehension. This inclination of Conrad was not an isolated
instance. It was a part of the trend of transitions and transformations of
ideology of his time. The whole Europe was then at a loss and missed focus.
The gloomy European intellectuals felt that the history of civilizations cyc
les in vain. They found the loneliness of individual never so sore; they fou
nd the values of mankind never oppugned so gravely. Many of them turn to the
primitive nature in hope to discover the true meaning of life and to find b
ack the individual dignity that had been fading in the unlimited division of
people as work force in the booming industrial society.
2. Multi-linguistic Conrad of Great Narrative Power and Unique Style
As a skilled user of 4 languages at one time (Polish, Russian, French and En
glish), which language did he use most often in silence inner talk and mind
composition? This is an interesting question but possibly without answer. On
ly Conrad himself knew the uneasy moment caused by linguistic dislocation an
d the multi-linguistic convenience that helped in shaping up a Conradian way
of literary creating.
2.1. Linguistic Crisis and Advantages with Several Tongues
Their unusual marriage and honeymoon in 19895 give Jessie a sense of embarki
ng on a strange ‘joint adventure’ with a solitary Pole sixteen years older
than her who, she felt, ‘had hardly known any sort of home life’ (Joseph
Conrad as I knew Him, p. 25). Their honeymoon in Brittany France involved fo
r Conrad a return to a country and a language that instantly seem to have br
ought up his most animated social side. The English language, on the other h
and, was at this time a private and domestic one shared between Conrad and h
is wife, since Jessie could speak no French and need her husband to translat
e everything. But it turns out that Jessie was doubly estranged by language
when her new husband fell ill:
For a whole long week the fever ran high, and for most of the time Conrad wa
s delirious. To see him lying in the white canopied bed, dark-faced, with gl
eaming teeth and shining eyes, was sufficiently alarming, but to hear him mu
ttering to himself in a strange tongue (he must have been speaking Polish),
to be unable to penetrate the clouded mind or catch one intelligible word, w
as for a young inexperienced girl truly awful.
(Joseph Conrad as I Knew Him, P. 35)
This sketch brings the images of Conrad as the man and the writer close in s
everal ways. It anticipates a subject that Conrad would treat in ‘Amy Foste
r’, a story about the hostile reception afforded a Polish castaway in an En
glish village and turning upon a tragic linguistic misunderstanding between
him and his English wife. It also prefigures what for Jessie Conrad would be
come a common experience: the persistent conjunction in her husband’s writi
ng career of illness and artistic creation.
A second glimpse, this time from Ford Madox Ford, recalls Ford’s early tran
sactions with Conrad as collaborator:
His voice was then unusually low, rather intimate and caressing. He began by
speaking slowly but later on he spoke very fast. His accent was precisely,
rather dusky, the accent of dark rather than fair races. He impressed the wr
iter at first as a pure Marseilles Frenchman: he spoke English with great fl
uency and distinction, with correctitude in his syntax, his words absolutely
exact as to meaning, but his accentuation so faulty that he was at times di
fficult to understand … He gesticulated with his hands and shoulders when h
e wished to be emphatic, but when he forgot himself in the excitement of tal
king he gesticulated with his whole body, throwing himself about in his chai
r, moving his chair nearer to yours. Finally he would spring up, go to a dis
tance, and walk backwards and forwards across the end of the room.
(Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance, p. 34-35)
Ford’s observations provide further interesting clues as to why Conrad, as
man and writer, is variably thought to be ‘elusive’ and ‘protean’. First
ly, this picture indicates why the traditional image of Conrad as homo duple
x or of Anglo-Polish origin will no longer be enough. Polish, English, and F
rench influences upon him made up a genuinely tri-lingual and tri-cultural i
dentity. Nor, secondly, do the snapshots offered by Jessie Conrad and Ford s
uggest that Conrad, as man or writer, enjoyed any easy trans-cultural experi
ence. “As a whole, Conrad could be taken for many things----an English coun
try gentleman, a French, a ‘dusky’ Slav, even on occasion for an ‘Orienta
l’ in his inscrutability. “ (Owen Knowles, Conrad’s Life, p. 3)
The common situation of Conrad’s life as Polish immigrant and seaman seemed
to have encouraged his habits of mind associated with what we can find in h
is writing about the ‘marginal man’ who lives in two worlds, in both of wh
ich he is a stranger, and needs consciously to fashion a fabled identity. Fa
ith and loyalty is demanded everywhere he turn to, as passport to make a pea
ceful mind and eliminate the feeling of strangeness and alienation within hi
s adopted country. This can cause a crisis of allegiance at one extreme, ‘s
ince to be loyalty to multiple allegiances may in itself bear the appearance
of disloyalty to any one of them’ (Owen Knowles, Conrad’s Life, The Cambr
idge Companion to Joseph Conrad, 1996, Cambridge University Press)
While in making a virtual image of ‘spiritual instability, intensified self
-consciousness, restlessness and malaise’ (Leveine, The Flight from Ambigui
ty, p. 75), the subject is also provided the passport to enjoyed the best of
several worlds. ‘Conrad was the first writer to give voice to the claims a
nd aspirations of non-Western people. His own lack of a national homeland le
d him to speak for a larger group of constituency, and the essential statele
ss of his own condition is reflected in the wide variety of national type th
at people his fictions.’(Gene M. Moore, Conrad’s Influence, The Cambridge
Companion to Joseph Conrad, 1996, Cambridge University Press)
If not with such passport, Joseph Conrad may have been nothing more than a a
dmirer of Balzac, and a literary style imitator of 福楼拜. He was in a curio
us place that could only occur in a certain historic moment and it was not a
surprising thing that he didn’t know any English at all in his 20s and nev
er published a line before 37 if we firstly view his multicolored biography
and think about what impact each event left on him.
2.2. A Great Story-Teller and Efficient Stylist
Multi-cultural background enabled Conrad to compare and use vast scope of va
rious skills and styles of narration. When describing the natural sceneries,
the reader often finds an observation like largo echo to that worldview of
ancient oriental philosophies. When describing states of mind, it’s not dif
ficult for us to get the impression of British style sober consideration and
rational judge. When a comment or just a piece of memory shows up, the tran
quil narration comes in and everything spread out placidly like a Persian bl
anket before dark warm French fireplace, with smell of dimmed old passion an
d atmosphere of grandma reading time.
And an underlying self-restriction is on guard everywhere. Whenever the writ
ing seems going to yield to the power of the narration itself (which in some
way try to escape the author’s control), Conrad would according to his pro
per limit keep the whole thing in the integrated, concise and just efficient
style. This self-restriction or awareness is closely connected with his cha
racter as ‘intensified self-consciousness’, while underneath we can still
feel the strong feelings alike his Polish accent. And many of the novels tol
d by a narrator like Marlow in Heart of Darkness ‘give you the idea of mutt
ering the story to himself’ (Sherry, ed., Conrad: The Critical Heritage, p.
58) and finally the Marlows fade out with all their vague images and turn
into the microphone of the same ‘person in shadow’ who stands in a mysteri
ous and curious place that Conrad unconsciously choose before all stories.
Another notable point is, Conradian narrative matures rapidly. In his early
work Almayer’s Folly, we can find he’d been craftily exercising most of hi
s unique narration skills. And these skills didn’t degenerate much with the
growing ages or vary much for various subject matters.
Conrad consciously avoided shaping up a character through a set of typical s
ocial and economic status. His characters are free from the any typical envi
ronment or typical makeup that Balzac would autonomously use in his novels t
o speed up the outspread of plots. The characters in Conrad’s novel behave
and present themselves with the nature developing of the stories. Marlow is
never a Marlow out of Heart Darkness. And Amy Forster face the absurd situat
ion in the fictional setting just like what the author did in his real life.
Conrad’s concern is the real persons in an absurd but real world, while Ba
lzac unconsciously use human just like any other elements of novel.
Those characters are mostly ordinary people in specific unusual environments
. They are cast away from their familiar everyday life, away from the societ
y that has become part of their characters. They have to find way for themsl
ves in strange surroundings. Very often they deplore their past, suspect of
current time, while have no clear idea about what to do with themselves and
the outer world. They often use a Russian style brown study, sometimes pace
on one thought in different ways, sometimes break off and turn to trivial ma
tters, but Conrad scarcely used skill like ‘stream of consciousness’ (it’
s did not exist yet). In my opinion, as a whole, Conradian narrative is a ki
nd of realism. The romantic color of subject like sea life indicates no roma
nce to author himself. So I’d rather say Conrad is a realistic writer with
a modernism-like narrative style. Conrad himself never said anything about w
hat sect he belongs to. He was totally free to use any means he thought woul
d be ‘good’ in his writing----guts or gift----but no doubt successful.
2.3. Evolvement in Different Periods of Artistic Creation
Conrad wrote a lot in his life. He wrote novels long or short. And besides n
ovel, he wrote plays, political prose and a great number of letters. His mos
t famous works include Almayer’s Folly, Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim, The Mi
rror of the Sea, Notes on life and letters, the Nigger of the ‘Narcissus’,
Nostromo, A Personal Record, The Secret Agent, The Shadow-Line, Twixt Land
and Sea, Typhoon, Under Western Eyes, Amy Foster, Prince Roman and others.
Commonly Conrad’s literary career is divided in to three periods. From Alma
yer’s Folly (1894) to Typhoon (1909) is his period ‘going into the depth’
, which is called ‘walks in the abyss’. From Nostromo (1904) to Victory (1
914) is the second period, when his attentions was mainly at the psychology
of people and portray of the pessimistic feelings, the so-called ‘hollow ma
n’ period. The last period is from The Shadow-Line (1915) to The Rover (192
2), which is the period of ‘reminiscence and sum-up’. (Youth----A Selectio
n of Joseph Conrad, p. 3, 1997, Shanghai Translate Press)
2.3.1. ‘Walks in the Abyss’
The Nigger of the ‘Narssisus’(1897), with its famous prefatorial statement
of artistic faith, represents an important landmark at the beginning of Con
rad’s major phase. As an experiment in methods of descriptive rendering, Th
e Nigger thrives on variety and fullness of detail. At some of its most typi
cal moments as Conrad tried possible kinds narrative technique it’s much mo
re than an ‘English’ novel which is just a small part of a complex interwe
aving of literary inheritances and cultural traces. And numerous borrowings
in the text provide evidence to Conrad’s closeness to the French writer he
admired and show his unconscious habit of ‘Englishing’ French originals. A
ll these build for us an image Conrad’s attempts to establish a certain sty
le and to find the ‘right’ proportion between commercial demand, readershi
p consideration and the literary ambition of his own, in this first book.
The skin color of the most important character, the relation between any two
characters put together, and other hot spot immediately give chances for al
l critics to imagine, to analyze (from various angles), to explicate and to
invent. The theme remains the core of criticism on this novel till nowadays.
With all his distinguish experiences and fearless rumination Conrad dared an
d was capable to make his ‘walk in the abyss’ instead of taking a comparat
ive secured and simple act to avoid taking a uncertain and untried direction
.
2.3.2. ‘Hollow Man’
Conrad became a family man with the birth of his first son in 1898. After th
e Conrads settled down at Pent Farm near Hythe in Kent and made a more perma
nent home, he met Ford Madox Ford with whom he began a ten-year friendship a
nd who by 1905 would seem like ‘a sort of life-long habit’ (Letters,Ⅲ, p.
287). By 1898 he also met to him father-like William Blackwood, the owner o
f famous publishing company and its literary journal Blackwood’s, who acted
as his main publisher throughout a four-year period. Everything seemed perf
ect for Conrad’s writing. Yet in reality this period represent Conrad’s fi
rst painful initiation into many severe difficulties that would affect his c
areer during the next ten years or so. Simply speaking, he found that each t
ime he started a new story, he got to start all over again in search of prop
er ‘distance’, efficient express, and balance between too many considerati
on in one time (such as pendulous selection of nationality of language----ra
rely encountered by other writers who have no language crisis). Conrad lacke
d the ready literary and linguistic tradition for the native English writers
. This forced him to ‘think much more than write’. While this painful comp
ositional process was roughly over, in 1902 Conrad felt an enormous expansio
n of literary power. The following works, Nostromo, The Secret Agent, and Un
der Western Eyes, all reach a kind of maturity and finely conveyed Conrad’s
worldview and thoughts. The characters are now not protected by the ship-bo
ard life. They come to the dry land and face greater social and political ch
allenges with even more complicated psychology than on sea.
This period established the main body of Conrad’s artistic creation.
2.3.3. ‘Reminiscence and Sum-up’
‘I feel as if I had smashed myself’, Conrad wrote in 1911 (Letters, Ⅳ, p.
407). He felt like he was past his best and he’d written himself out. Conr
ad’s major works belong to the years 1897 - 1911, after which his writing s
eemed suffer from a exhaustion. But despite ill-health and the obstacles of
old age, Conrad persist with the literary life until death. His unique style
still grew though the imaginary force gradually faded out and at last come
to reminiscence.
3. Conrad’s Influences to Literature and other aspects of cultural life
Conrad’s works have been translated into more than forty languages, from Al
banian and Yiddish to Chinese and Swahili. Conrad is one of the defining fou
nders of literary Modernism, and his influence has been acknowledged by writ
ers as different from him, and from each other, as André Gide, Ralph Elliso
n, T. S. Eliot, Graham Greene and many others. The Agent and Under Western E
yes were among the first studies of spies, Nostromo is the first epic of Sou
th American colonialism, and Heart of Darkness is frequently mentioned as a
cultural symbol that signifying the ‘horror’ in the heart of modern Wester
n civilization. The life and works of Conrad have inspired movies, journeys,
sculptures, comic books, countless Conrad societies and journals, and thous
ands of academic books and articles.
Though not among the Modernists, Conrad greatly influenced Modernism. T. S.
Eliot took ‘Mistah Kurtz----he dead’ as the epigraph to ‘The Hollow Man’
. Eliot had once planned to use Kurtz’s ‘The horror! The horror!’ as the
epigraph to The Waste Land. We can say that the ‘horror’ accompanies Moder
nism’s exploration into the heart of civilization originated from Conrad’s
novels. And the genuine and potent narrative style of Conrad was healthy re
strict and valuable elicitation for the Modernistic literary form.
When Conrad died on August 3, 1924 from a heart attack, he had been an legen
d of his time. Even in China, the literary circle mourned on his death and L
ao She (老舍) glorify him as ‘the creator of the greatest neoteric personal
ity’.
Joseph Conrad, as seaman, observer and thinker, ‘wrote the heart of Herman
Melville with the elaborate writing style of Henry James.’ (Youth----A sele
ction of Joseph Conrad, p. 27, 1997, Shanghai Translate Press)
Conclusion
Joseph Conrad is always an outstanding figure in the history of English lite
rature. And the themes of his novels have a more important significance insi
de and outside literature worldwide. The relation between Conrad’s unique l
ife experiences and his writing provide an uncommon chance to explore the pr
ocess of literary creation and the factors that affect a writer’s lifetime
career under complex social and personal situations. This helps us not only
in understanding the time of Conrad and its literature, but also in understa
nding our current situation and analyzing its orientation.
PREFERENCES
Baines, Jocelyn. Joseph Conrad: A Critical Biography. London: Weidenfield &
Nicolson: New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960. Reprinted Penguin Books, 1971
Conrad, Jessie. Joseph Conrad as I Knew Him. London: Heinemann; Garden City,
NY: Doubleday,1926
Conrad, Joseph, translation by Fang Ping and others. 20 Century Foreign Lite
rature - Youth - A Selection of Conrad’s Novels. Shanghai Translate Press,
1997
Ford, Ford Madox. Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance. London: Duckworth;
Boston: Little, Brown, 1924
Levine, Donald M. The Flight from Ambiguity: Essays on Social and Cultural T
heory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985
J. H. Stape, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Cambridge Univer
sity Press, 1996
Hansson, Karin. Heart of Darkness: White Lies. University of Karlskrona/Ronn
eby, Sweden. Internet issue
Sherry, Norman, ed. Conrad : The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kega
n Paul, 1973
www.d-library.com.cn <http://www.d-library.com.cn>, China Digital Library Lt
d. provided original text of Conrad’s works in digital form including:
Amy Forster The Shadow-Line
Heart of Darkness Twixt Land and Sea
Notes on Life and Letter Typhoon s
The Mirror of Sea Prince Roman
Youth Letters
www.cyberpat.com/shirlsite/lit.htm <http://www.cyberpat.com/shirlsite/lit.ht
m>, personal website of Shirley Galloway. Shirley Galloway, Joseph Conrad:
The Sense of Self, 1996
www.3stonebooks.com <http://www.3stonebooks.com>, Ni Qing (倪庆), The World
of Conrad (康拉德的世界), 2002
www.scholars.nus.edu.sg <http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg>, Rachel Teisch, Ach
ebe: Racism in Heart of Darkness, 1990
APPENDIX
CHRONOLOGY OF CONRAD’S LIFE
1857 Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski born on 3 December in or near Berdiche
v in the Ukrain.
1862 The Korzeniowskis are exiled to Vologda, northern Russia.
1865 Death of Ewa Korzeniowski.
1869 Death of Apollo Korzeniowski.
1873 Visits Austria,Germany, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.
1874 Leaves Poland for Marserlles to become a trainee seaman in the French M
erchant Service.
1878 Shoot himself in the chest in Marseilles. Joins his first English ship
as ordinary seaman.
1880 Passes examination for second mate. Third mate in the Loch Etive (to
Australia).
1881 - Second mate in Palestine, Riversdale, and Narcissus (to South-East A
sia and India).
1884 Passes examination for first mate.
1886 Becomes a British subject. Passes examination for master’s certific
ate.
1886- Voyages to Java, Singapore, Bangkok, Australia and Mauritius.
1889 Settles briefly in London and begins Almayer’s Folly.
1890 Captain of the river steamer Roi des Belges in the Congo Free State.
1894 Almayer’s Folly accepted for publication. Meets Jessie George, whom
he later marries. Sign on as second mate in the Adowa but sails only to
France and back. End of sea career.
1895 Almayer’s Folly published under the pen name ‘Joseph Conrad’.
1896 Marries Jessie George (24 March).
1897 The Nigger of the ‘Narcissus’ published.
1898 Son Borys born. Tales of Unrest published.
1899 ‘Heart of Darkness’ serialized.
1899-1900 Lord Jim serialized, then published in book form.
1902 Youth; A Narrative; and Two Other Stories published (‘Youth’, ‘Heart
of Darkness’)
1903 Typhoon, and Other Stories (‘Typhoon’, ‘Amy Forster’) published.
1904 Nostromo serialized and published in book form.
1906 Son John born. The Mirror of the Sea published. The Secret Agent ser
ialized in US.
1907 The Secret Agent published.
1910-11 Under Western Eyes serialized and published in book form.
1912 Twixt Land and Sea published.
1915 Within the Tides and Victory published.
1917 The Shadow Line published.
1918 The Arrow of Gold published.
1920 Rescue, begun in 1898, published.
1921 Notes on Life and Letters published.
1922 Dramatization of the Secret Agent staged in London.
1924 Dies of a heart attack at Oswald on 3 August, age 66.
--
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