Philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: Christy (风中的绿叶), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: The Knowledge of Freedom VI
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年11月29日02:17:49 星期四), 站内信件
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY
The Knowledge of Freedom
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VI
THE HUMAN INDIVIDUALITY
In attempting to explain representations philosophers have found that the ma
in difficulty lies in the fact that we ourselves are not the external things
, and yet our representations must somehow correspond to things. But, on clo
ser inspection, it turns out that this difficulty does not exist at all. We
are certainly not the external things, but together with them we belong to o
ne and the same world. That section of the world which I perceive as my subj
ect is permeated by the stream of the universal world process. To my perceiv
ing I appear, in the first instance, enclosed within the boundary of my skin
. But all that is contained within the skin belongs to the cosmos as a whole
. Hence for a relation to exist between my organism and an external object,
it is by no means necessary that something of the object should slip into me
or make an impression on my spirit, like a signet ring on wax. A question s
uch as: How do I gain knowledge of the tree ten feet away from me? is wrongl
y formulated. It springs from the view that the boundaries of my body are ab
solute barriers, through which information about things filters into me. The
forces active within the limit of my body are the same as those which exist
outside. Therefore, in reality I am the things; not, however, insofar as I
am a perceiving subject, but insofar as I am part of the universal world pro
cess. The perception of the tree and my I is within the same whole. There th
is universal world process calls forth the perception of the tree to the sam
e extent that here it calls forth the perception of my I. Were I world creat
or instead of world knower, object and subject (perception and I) would orig
inate in one act. For they depend on each other. As world knower I can disco
ver the element they have in common, as entities belonging together, only th
rough thinking which, by means of concepts, relates them to one another.
Most difficult of all to overcome are the so-called physiological proofs of
the subjectivity of our perceptions. If I press the skin of my body, I perce
ive this as a sensation of pressure. Such pressure will be perceived by the
eye as light, by the ear as sound. For example, by the eye I perceive an ele
ctric shock as light, by the ear as sound, by the nerves of the skin as shoc
k, and by the nose as a phosphoric smell. What follows from these facts? Onl
y this: that when I perceive an electric shock (or a pressure, as the case m
ay be) followed by a light quality or a sound, respectively, or a certain sm
ell, etc., then, if no eye were present, no perception of a light quality wo
uld accompany the perception of mechanical vibrations in my environment; wit
hout the presence of the ear, no perception of sound, etc. But what right ha
s one to say that in the absence of sense-organs, the whole process would no
t exist at all? From the fact that an electrical process calls forth light i
n the eye, those who conclude that outside our organism, what we sense as li
ght is only a mechanical process of motion, forget that they are only passin
g from one perception to another, and nowhere to something over and above pe
rceptions. Just as we can say that the eye perceives a mechanical process of
motion in its surroundings as light, we can also say that a regulated chang
e in an object is perceived by us as a process of motion. If I draw twelve p
ictures of a horse on the circumference of a rotating disc, reproducing exac
tly the positions which the horse's body successively assumes in movement, t
hen by rotating the disc I can produce the illusion of movement. I need only
look through an opening in such a way that in the proper intervals I see th
e successive positions of the horse. I see, not twelve separate pictures of
a horse, but the picture of a single galloping horse.
The above-mentioned physiological fact cannot, therefore, throw any light on
the relation of perception to representation. Therefore, we must find some
other way.
The moment a perception appears in my field of observation, thinking also be
comes active through me. A member of my thought-system, a definite intuition
, a concept, unites itself with the perception. Then when the perception dis
appears from my field of vision, what do I retain? My intuition, with the re
ference to the particular perception which formed itself in the moment of pe
rceiving. The degree of vividness with which I can recall this reference lat
er depends on the manner in which my intellectual and bodily organism is wor
king. A representation is nothing but an intuition related to a particular p
erception; it is a concept that once was connected with a perception and ret
ains the reference to this perception. My concept of a lion is not formed ou
t of my perceptions of lions. But my representation of a lion is indeed form
ed according to my perception. I can convey to someone who has never seen a
lion, the concept of a lion. But I can never bring about in him a vivid repr
esentation of a lion, without his perceiving one.
A representation therefore is an individualized concept. And now we have the
explanation as to why our representations can represent reality to us. The
complete reality of something is submitted to us in the moment of observatio
n through the flowing together of concept and perception. The concept acquir
es, through a perception, an individual form, a relation to this particular
perception. In this individual form which has as a characteristic feature th
e reference to the perception, the concept lives on in us as the representat
ion of the thing in question. If we come across a second thing with which th
e same concept connects itself, we recognize the second as belonging to the
same kind as the first; if we come across the same thing twice, we find in o
ur conceptual system not only a corresponding concept, but the individualize
d concept with its characteristic relation to the same object, and thus we r
ecognize the object again.
The representation, therefore, stands between perception and concept. It is
the definite concept which points to the perception.
The sum of those things about which I can form representations may be called
my practical experience.40 The man who has the greater number of individual
ized concepts will be the man of richer practical experience. A man who lack
s all power of intuition is not capable of acquiring practical experience. H
e again loses the objects from his field of vision because he lacks the conc
epts which should bring him into relation with them. A man whose power of th
inking is well developed, but whose ability to perceive functions poorly due
to clumsy sense-organs, will be no better able to gather practical experien
ce. It is true that he can acquire concepts by one means and another, but hi
s intuitions lack vivid reference to definite things. The unthinking travell
er and the scholar living in abstract conceptual systems are both incapable
of acquiring rich practical experience.
Reality appears to us as perception and concept, and the subjective represen
tative of this reality is - representation. If our personality expressed its
elf only in cognition, the totality of all that is objective would be given
in perception, concept and representation.
However, we are not satisfied merely to refer the perception, by means of th
inking, to the concept, but we relate it also to our own subjectivity, to ou
r individual I. The expression of this individual relationship is feeling, w
hich we experience as pleasure or displeasure.
Thinking and feeling correspond to the twofold nature of our being, which we
have already considered. Thinking is the element through which we take part
in the universal process of the cosmos; feeling, that through which we can
withdraw into the narrow confines of our own soul life.
Our thinking unites us with the world; our feeling leads us back into oursel
ves, and this makes us individuals. If we were merely thinking and perceivin
g beings, our whole life would flow along in monotonous indifference. If we
could only cognize ourself as a self, we would be totally indifferent to our
self. Only because with self-knowledge we experience self-feeling, and with
the perception of objects pleasure and pain, do we live as individual beings
whose existence is not exhausted by the conceptual relations in which we st
and to the rest of the world, but who have a special value for themselves as
well.
One might be tempted to see in the life of feeling an element more richly sa
turated with reality than is our thinking contemplation of the world. But th
e answer to this is that the life of feeling, after all, has this richer mea
ning only for my individual self. For the world my life of feeling can attai
n value only if, as perception of my self, the feeling enters into connectio
n with a concept and, in this roundabout way, links itself to the cosmos.
Our life is a continual oscillation between our living with the universal wo
rld process and our own individual existence. The further we ascend into the
universal nature of thinking where what is individual ultimately interests
us only as example, as instance of the concept, the more the character of th
e quite definite individual personality is lost within us. The further we de
scend into the depths of our own soul life and let our feelings resound with
the experiences of the outer world, the more we cut ourselves off from univ
ersal life. A true individuality will be one who reaches up with his feeling
s farthest into the region of the ideal. There are people in whom even the m
ost general ideas that enter their heads bear, nevertheless, that particular
coloring which shows unmistakably their connection with the individual who
thinks them. There are others whose concepts come before us without the leas
t trace of individual coloring, as if they had not been produced by a being
of flesh and blood at all.
The act of representing already gives our conceptual life an individual stam
p. For each one of us has his special place from which he looks out upon the
world. His concepts link themselves to his perceptions. He will think the g
eneral concepts in his own particular way. This particular determination com
es about through the place we occupy in the world and from the perceptions b
elonging to our sphere of life.
Distinct from this determination is another, which depends on our particular
organization. Our organization is, indeed, a special, definite, individual
unity. Each of us combines particular feelings, and these in the most varyin
g degrees of intensity, with his perceptions. This is the individual aspect
of our personality. It is what remains over when we have allowed fully for a
ll the determining factors in our milieu.
A life of feeling devoid of all life of thought would gradually lose all con
nection with the world. But because it is inherent in man to develop his who
le nature, his knowledge of things will go hand-in-hand with the education a
nd development of his feeling-life.
Feeling is the means whereby, to begin with, concepts attain concrete life.
--
朝华易逝残月已无痕,
锁眉略展路旁待旧人。
飘飘零落不由他乡去,
尘凡晓破方知何为真。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 天外飞仙]
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