Philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: Christy (风中的绿叶), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: The Reality of Freedom XIV
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年11月29日02:31:56 星期四), 站内信件
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY
The Reality of Freedom
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
XIV
INDIVIDUALITY AND SPECIES
The view that it is inherent in man to develop into an independent, free ind
ividuality seems to be contradicted by two facts: that he exists as a member
within a natural totality (race, tribe, nation, family, male or female sex)
and that he is active within a totality (state, church, etc.). He shows the
general characteristics of the community to which he belongs, and he gives
his deeds a content that is determined by the place he occupies within a plu
rality.
Is individuality possible nevertheless? Can we regard man as a totality in h
imself when he grows out of a totality and integrates himself into a totalit
y?
The characteristic features and functions of the individual parts belonging
to a whole are determined by the whole. A tribe is such a whole, and all the
human beings comprising it have characteristic features which are condition
ed by the nature of the tribe itself. How the individual member is constitut
ed and his actions will be determined by the character of the tribe. This is
why the physiognomy and activity of the individual will express something g
eneric. If we ask why some particular thing about him is like this or that,
we are referred beyond the nature of the individual to the species. The spec
ies explains why something about the individual appears as it does.
But man makes himself free from what is generic. For the generic qualities o
f the human race, when rightly experienced by the individual do not restrict
his freedom, and ought not to be made to restrict it by artificial means. M
an develops qualities and activities, the sources of which we can seek only
in himself. In this, the generic element serves him only as a medium through
which to express his own particular being. The characteristic features that
nature has given him he uses as a foundation, giving them the form that cor
responds to his own being. We shall look in vain among the laws of the speci
es for the reason for an expression of this being. Here we have to do with s
omething individual which can be explained only through itself. If a person
has advanced so far as to loosen himself from the generic, and we still atte
mpt to explain everything about him from the character of the species, then
we have no sense for what is individual.
It is impossible to understand a human being completely if one's judgment is
based on a concept of the species. The tendency to judge according to speci
es is most persistent where the differences of sex are concerned. Man sees i
n woman, and woman in man, nearly always too much of the general character o
f the other sex, and too little of the individual. In practical life this ha
rms men less than women. The social position of women is often so unworthy b
ecause in many respects it is not determined, as it should be, by the indivi
dual qualities of the particular woman herself, but by general representatio
ns of what is considered the natural task and needs of woman. Man's activity
in life comes about through the individual's capacities and inclinations, w
hereas woman's tends to be determined exclusively by the fact that she is a
woman. Woman is supposed to be the slave of her species, of womanhood in gen
eral. As long as men continue to debate whether according to her "natural di
sposition" woman is suited to this or that profession, the so-called woman's
question cannot advance beyond the most elementary stage. What woman is cap
able of in terms of her own nature, woman must be left to judge for herself.
If it is true that women are useful only in those occupations they occupy a
t present, then they will hardly have it in themselves to attain anything el
se. But they must be allowed to decide for themselves what is in accordance
with their nature. The reply to him who fears an upheaval of our social cond
itions as a result of accepting woman, not as an example of her species but
as an individual, would be that social conditions, in which the status of on
e-half of humanity is below the dignity of man, are indeed in great need of
improvement.
[footnote: Immediately upon the publication of this book (1894) I met with t
he objections to the above arguments that, already now, within the character
of her sex, a woman is able to shape her life as individually as she likes,
and far more freely than a man who is already de-individualized, first by s
chool, and later by war and profession. I am aware that this objection will
be urged today, perhaps even more strongly. Nonetheless, I feel bound to let
my sentences stand, and must hope that there are readers who also recognize
how utterly such an objection goes against the concept of freedom developed
in this book and will judge my sentences above by another standard than tha
t of man's loss of individuality through school and profession.]
One judging human beings according to their generic qualities stops short ju
st at the very frontier beyond which they begin to be beings whose activity
depends on free self-assessment. What lies below this frontier can naturally
be the object of scientific study. Thus the characteristics of race, tribe,
nation and sex are subjects of special sciences. Only men who wanted to liv
e simply as examples of the species could possibly fit the general picture o
f man these scientific studies produce. All these sciences are unable to rea
ch the particular content of the individual. Where the sphere of freedom (in
thinking and doing) begins, there the possibility of determining the indivi
dual according to the laws of the species ceases. The conceptual content whi
ch man, through thinking, must bring into connection with perception in orde
r to take hold of full reality (cp. p. 105 ff.), no one can fix once for all
and hand over to mankind ready-made. The individual must gain his concepts
through his own intuition. How the individual has to think, cannot be deduce
d from any concept of a species; this depends singly and solely on the indiv
idual himself. Just as little is it possible from general human qualities to
decide what concrete aims an individual will set himself. One wishing to un
derstand a particular individual must broaden his understanding to encompass
the essential nature of the other, and not stop short at those qualities wh
ich are typical. In this sense every single human being is a problem. And ev
ery science which deals with abstract thoughts and concepts of species is on
ly a preparation for that insight which becomes ours when a human individual
ity shares with us his way of looking at the world, and that other insight w
hich we obtain from the content of his will. Whenever we feel: here we have
to do with that in a man which is free from the typical way of thinking and
free from a will based on the species, there we must cease to make use of an
y concepts that apply to our own I if we want to understand him. Cognition c
onsists in combining the concept with the perception by means of thinking. I
n the case of all other objects the observer must gain his concepts through
his own intuition; when it is a case of understanding a free individuality,
the essential thing is to receive into our own I those concepts by which the
free individuality determines himself, in their pure form (without mixing t
hem with our own conceptual content). People who immediately mingle their ow
n concepts with every judgment of another, can never reach an understanding
of an individuality. Just as a free individuality frees himself from the cha
racteristics of the species, so our cognition must become free from the mean
s by which all that belongs to species is understood.
Only to the degree that a man has made himself free from the characteristics
of the species in the way indicated, can he be considered to be a free spir
it within a human community. No man is all species, none is all individualit
y. But every human being gradually frees a greater or lesser part of his bei
ng from the animal-like life of the species, as well as from the commands of
human authorities ruling him.
With that part of his being for which a man is unable to achieve such freedo
m, he is a member of the natural and spiritual organism of the world in gene
ral. In this respect he does what he sees others do, or as they command. Onl
y that part of his activity which springs from his intuitions has ethical va
lue in the true sense. And those moral instincts that he has in him through
the inheritance of social instincts become something ethical through his tak
ing them over into his intuitions. All moral activity of mankind has its sou
rce in individual ethical intuitions and their acceptance by human communiti
es. One could also say: The moral life of mankind is the sum-total of the pr
oducts of the moral imagination of free human individuals. This is the concl
usion of monism.
--
朝华易逝残月已无痕,
锁眉略展路旁待旧人。
飘飘零落不由他乡去,
尘凡晓破方知何为真。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 天外飞仙]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:4.203毫秒