Philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: Christy (风中的绿叶), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: Ultimate Questions XV
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年11月29日02:32:57 星期四), 站内信件
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY
Ultimate Questions
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XV
INDIVIDUALITY AND SPECIES
What is here called monism, this unitary explanation of the world, derives f
rom human experience62 the principles it uses for explaining the world. The
source of activity also is sought within the world to be observed, that is,
in human nature accessible to self-knowledge, more particularly in moral ima
gination. Monism refuses to seek the origin of the world accessible to perce
iving and thinking, outside of that world, by means of abstract conclusions.
For monism, the unity that thinking observation - which can be experienced
- brings to the manifold plurality of perceptions is, at the same time, just
what the human need for knowledge demands, and by means of which entry into
physical and spiritual realms is sought. One looking for another unity behi
nd the one sought by thinking observation, thereby shows only that he does n
ot recognize the agreement between what is found by thinking and what the ur
ge for knowledge demands. The single human individual actually is not separa
ted from the universe. He is part of it, and the connection of this part wit
h the rest of the cosmos is present in reality; it is broken only for our pe
rception. At first we see this part as a being existing by itself because we
do not see the cords and ropes by which the fundamental forces of the cosmo
s sustain our life. One remaining at this standpoint sees the part of the wh
ole as a truly independently existing being, as a monad, who somehow receive
s information about the rest of the world from outside. But monism, as meant
here, shows that one can believe in this independence only so long as what
is perceived is not woven by thinking into the network of the world of conce
pts. When this happens, separate existence of parts is revealed as a mere ap
pearance due to perceiving. Man can find his self-enclosed total existence w
ithin the universe only through the intuitive experience of thinking. Thinki
ng destroys the appearance due to perceiving, inserting our individual exist
ence into the life of the cosmos. The unity of the world of concepts, which
contains the objective perceptions, also embraces the content of our subject
ive personality. Thinking shows us reality in its true character as a self-e
nclosed unity, whereas the manifoldness of perceptions is only its appearanc
e determined by our organization. (cp. p. 105 ff.). Recognition of the reali
ty in contrast to the appearance resulting from perceiving has always been t
he goal of human thinking. Science has striven to recognize perceptions as r
ealities by discovering the laws that connect them. But where the view was h
eld that connections ascertained by human thinking had only a subjective sig
nificance, the real reason for the unity of things was sought in some entity
existing beyond the world to be experienced (an inferred God, will, absolut
e Spirit, etc.). And on this basis, in addition to knowledge of the connecti
ons that are recognizable through experience, one strove to attain a second
kind of knowledge which would go beyond experience and would reveal the conn
ection between experience and the ultimate entities existing beyond experien
ce (metaphysics arrived at by drawing conclusions and not by experience). Fr
om this standpoint, it was thought that the reason we can grasp the connecti
on of things through strictly applied thinking is that an original creator b
uilt up the world according to logical laws, and the source of our deeds was
thought to be contained in the will of the creator. It was not realized tha
t thinking encompasses both subjective and objective in one grasp, and that
in the union of perception with concept full reality is mediated. Only as lo
ng as we consider in the abstract form of concepts the laws pervading and de
termining perceptions, do we deal in actual fact with something purely subje
ctive. But the content of the concept, which is attained - with the help of
thinking - in order to add it to perception, is not subjective. This content
is not derived from the subject but from reality. It is that part of realit
y that our perceiving cannot reach. It is experience, but not experience med
iated through perceiving. One unable to recognize that the concept is someth
ing real, thinks of it only in that abstract form in which he grasps it in h
is consciousness. But this separation is due to our organization, just as th
e separateness of perceptions is due to our organization. The tree that one
perceives, has no existence by itself. It is only a part of the great organi
sm of nature, and its existence is possible only in a real connection with n
ature. An abstract concept has no reality in itself, any more than a percept
ion, taken by itself, has any reality. The perception is the part of reality
that is given objectively, the concept is the part that is given subjective
ly (through intuition, cp. p. 113 ff.). Our spiritual organization tears rea
lity into these two factors. One factor appears to perception, the other to
intuition. Only the union of the two, that is, the perception fitted systema
tically into the universe, is full reality. If we consider the mere percepti
on by itself, we do not have reality, but a disconnected chaos; if we consid
er by itself the law that connects perceptions, we are dealing with mere abs
tract concepts. The abstract concept does not contain reality, but thinking
observation which considers neither concept nor perception one-sidedly, but
the union of both, does.
Not even the most subjective orthodox idealist will deny that we live within
a reality (that we are rooted in it with our real existence). He only quest
ions whether we also reach ideally, i.e., in our cognition, what we actually
experience. By contrast, monism shows that thinking is neither subjective n
or objective, but is a principle embracing both sides of reality. When we ob
serve with thinking, we carry out a process that in itself belongs in the se
quence of real occurrences. By means of thinking we overcome - within experi
ence itself - the one-sidedness of mere perceiving. We are not able through
abstract conceptual hypotheses (through pure conceptual reflection) to devis
e the nature of reality, but when we find the ideas that belong to the perce
ptions we live within reality. The monist does not try to add something to o
ur experience that cannot be experienced (a Beyond), but in concept and perc
eption sees the real. He does not spin metaphysics out of mere abstract conc
epts; he sees in the concept, as such, only one side of reality, namely, tha
t side which remains hidden from perceiving but having meaning only in union
with perceptions. Monism calls forth in man the conviction that he lives in
a world of reality and does not have to go beyond this world for a higher r
eality that cannot be experienced. The monist does not look for Absolute Rea
lity anywhere but in experience, because he recognizes that the content of e
xperience is the reality. And he is satisfied by this reality, because he kn
ows that thinking has the power to guarantee it. What dualism looks for only
behind the world of observation, monism finds within it. Monism shows that
in our cognition we grasp reality, not in a subjective image which slips in
between man and reality, but in its true nature. For monism the conceptual c
ontent of the world is the same for every human individual (cp. p. 128 ff.).
According to monistic principles, the reason one human individual regards a
nother as akin to himself is because it is the same world content that expre
sses itself in the other also. In the unitary world of concepts there are no
t as many concepts of lions as there are individuals who think of a lion, bu
t only one concept, lion. And the concept which "A" adds to his perception o
f a lion is the same concept as "B" adds to his, only apprehended by a diffe
rent perceiving subject (cp. p. 107)· Thinking leads all perceiving subject
s to the common ideal unity of all multiplicity. The one world of ideas expr
esses itself in them as in a multiplicity of individuals. As long as man app
rehends himself merely by means of self-perception, he regards himself as th
is particular human being; as soon as he looks toward the idea-world that li
ghts up within him and embraces all particulars, he sees absolute reality li
ving and shining forth within him. Dualism defines the divine primordial Bei
ng as pervading and living in all men. Monism sees this common divine life i
n reality itself. The ideal content of another human being is also my conten
t, and I regard it as a different content only so long as I perceive, but no
longer when I think. In his thinking each man embraces only a part of the t
otal idea-world, and to that extent individuals differ one from another by t
he actual content of their thinking. But these contents are within one self-
enclosed whole, which encompasses the content of all men's thinking. In his
thinking therefore, man takes hold of the universal primordial Being pervadi
ng all humanity. A life within reality filled with the content of thought is
at the same time a life within God. The merely inferred, not to be experien
ced Beyond is based on a misunderstanding on the part of those who believe t
hat the world in which we live does not contain within itself the cause and
reason for its existence. They do not recognize that through thinking they f
ind what they need to explain the perceptions. This is also why no speculati
on has ever brought to light any content that has not been borrowed from the
reality that is given us. The God that is assumed through abstract conclusi
ons is nothing but a human being transplanted into the Beyond; Schopenhauer'
s will is the power of human will made absolute. Hartmann's unconscious prim
ordial Being, composed of idea and will, is a combination of two abstraction
s drawn from experience. Exactly the same is true of all other transcendent
principles that are not based on thinking which is experienced.
In truth, the human spirit never goes beyond the reality in which we live, n
or is there any need to do so, since everything we require in order to expla
in the world is within the world. If philosophers eventually declare that th
ey are satisfied when they have deduced the world from principles they borro
w from experience and transplant into an hypothetical Beyond, then the same
satisfaction must also be possible, if the borrowed content is allowed to re
main in this world where, for thinking to be experienced, it belongs. All at
tempts to transcend the world are purely illusory, and the principles transp
lanted from this world into the Beyond do not explain the world any better t
han those within it. And thinking, properly understood, does not demand any
such transcendence at all, because a thought-content can seek a perceptual c
ontent, together with which it forms a reality only within the world, not ou
tside it. The objects of imagination, too, are contents which are valid only
if they become representations that refer to a perceptual content. Through
this perceptual content they become part of reality. A concept that is suppo
sed to be filled with a content from beyond the world given us, is an abstra
ction to which no reality corresponds. We can think out only concepts of rea
lity; in order actually to find reality itself, we must also perceive. An ab
solute Being for which a content is devised is an impossible assumption when
thinking is properly understood. The monist does not deny the ideal; in fac
t he considers a perceptual content, lacking its ideal counterpart, not to b
e a complete reality; but in the whole sphere of thinking he finds nothing t
hat could make it necessary to deny the objective spiritual reality of think
ing and therefore leave the realm which thinking can experience. Monism rega
rds science that limits itself to a description of perceptions without penet
rating to their ideal complements, as being incomplete. But it regards as eq
ually incomplete all abstract concepts that do not find their complements in
perceptions and nowhere fit into the network of concepts embracing the worl
d to be observed. Therefore it can acknowledge no ideas that refer to object
ive factors lying beyond our experience, which are supposed to form the cont
ent of purely hypothetical metaphysics. All ideas of this kind which humanit
y has produced, monism recognizes as abstractions borrowed from experience;
it is simply that the fact of the borrowing has been overlooked.
Just as little, according to monistic principles, could the aims of our acti
on be derived from a Beyond outside mankind. Insofar as they are thought, th
ey must originate from human intuition. Man does not make the purposes of an
objective (existing beyond) primordial Being into his own individual purpos
es; he pursues his own, given him by his moral imagination. The idea that re
alizes itself in a deed, man detaches from the unitary idea-world, making it
the foundation of his will. Consequently, what come to expression in his ac
tion are not commands projected from a Beyond into the world, but human intu
itions that are within the world. For monism acknowledges no world ruler who
sets our aims and directs our activity from outside. Man will find no such
foundation of existence, whose decisions he must fathom in order to discover
the aims toward which he is to guide his activity. He is referred back to h
imself. He himself must give content to his activity. If he seeks for the de
termining causes of his will outside the world in which he lives, then his s
earch will be in vain. When he goes beyond the satisfaction of his natural i
nstincts, for which Mother Nature has provided, then he must seek these caus
es in his own moral imagination, unless he finds it more convenient to let h
imself be determined by the moral imagination of others. This means: either
he must give up being active altogether, or must act according to determinat
ions he gives himself out of his world of ideas, or which others give him fr
om that world. When he gets beyond his bodily life of instincts, and beyond
carrying out the commands of others, then he is determined by nothing but hi
mself. He must act according to an impulse produced by himself and determine
d by nothing else. This impulse is indeed determined ideally in the unitary
idea world, but in actual fact it is only through man that it can be taken f
rom that world and translated into reality. The reason for the actual transl
ation of an idea into reality through man, monism finds only in man himself.
For idea to become deed, man must first will before it can happen. Such wil
l then has its foundation only in man himself. Therefore ultimately it is ma
n who determines his own deed. He is free.
1st Addition to the Revised Edition, 1918. In the second part of this book t
he attempt has been made to give proof that freedom (spiritual activity) is
to be found in the reality of human deeds. To do this it was necessary to se
parate from the total sphere of human deeds those actions that can be deemed
free by unbiased self-observation. They are the deeds which prove to be the
realization of ideal intuitions. No other deeds, if considered without prej
udice, can be regarded as free. But unbiased self-observation will lead man
to recognize that it is inherent in his nature to progress along the path to
ward ethical intuitions and their realization. Yet this unprejudiced observa
tion of man's ethical nature cannot arrive at an ultimate conclusion about f
reedom by itself. For if intuitive thinking had its source in some other bei
ng, if its being were not such as had its origin in itself, then the conscio
usness of freedom, which springs from morality, would prove to be an illusio
n. But the second part of this book finds its natural support in the first p
art, where intuitive thinking is presented as an inner, spiritual activity o
f man, which is experienced. To understand this nature of thinking in living
experience is at the same time to recognize the freedom of intuitive thinki
ng. And if one knows that this thinking is free, then one also recognizes th
at sphere of the will to which freedom can be ascribed. Acting human beings
will consider that will as free to which the intuitive life in thinking, on
the basis of inner experience, can attribute a self-sustaining essence. One
unable to do this cannot discover any altogether indisputable argument for t
he acceptance of freedom. The experience which is referred to here finds int
uitive thinking in consciousness, which has reality not only in consciousnes
s. And thereby it is discovered that freedom is the characteristic feature o
f all deeds that have their source in the intuitions of consciousness.
2nd Addition to the Revised Edition, 1918. The content of this book is built
upon intuitive thinking, of which the experience is purely spiritual, and t
hrough which, in cognition, every single perception is placed within reality
. This book intends to present no more than can be surveyed through the expe
rience of intuitive thinking. But it also intends to present the kind of tho
ught which this experienced thinking requires. It requires that in the proce
ss of knowledge thinking is not denied as a self-dependent experience. It re
quires that one does not deny its ability to experience reality in union wit
h perceptions, instead of looking for reality only in a world lying outside
this experience, an inferred world in relation to which the human activity o
f thinking would be something merely subjective. -
This characterizes thinking as the element through which man gradually enter
s spiritually into reality. (It ought not to be possible to confuse this wor
ld view, based on experienced thinking, with a mere rationalism.) On the oth
er hand, it should be evident from the whole spirit of this presentation tha
t for human knowledge, the perceptual element contains a reality-content onl
y if it is grasped by thinking. What characterizes reality as reality cannot
lie outside thinking. Therefore it must not be imagined that the physical k
ind of perceiving guarantees the only reality. What comes to meet us as perc
eption is something man must simply expect on his life journey. All he can a
sk is: Is one justified in expecting, from the point of view resulting from
the intuitively experienced thinking, that it is possible for man to perceiv
e not only physically but also spiritually? This can be expected. For even t
hough on the one hand intuitively experienced thinking is an active process
taking place in the human spirit, on the other hand it is also spiritual per
ception grasped without a physical organ. It is a perception in which the pe
rceiver is himself active, and it is an activity of the self which is also p
erceived. In intuitively experienced thinking man is transferred into a spir
itual world as perceiver. What comes to meet him as perceptions within this
world in the same way as the spiritual world of his own thinking comes to me
et him, man recognizes as a world of spiritual perception. This world of per
ception has the same relationship to thinking as the world of physical perce
ption has on the physical side. When man experiences the world of spiritual
perception it will not appear foreign to him, because in intuitive thinking
he already has an experience which is of a purely spiritual character. A num
ber of my writings which have been published since this book first appeared,
deal with such a world of spiritual perception. The Philosophy of Spiritual
Activity lays the philosophical foundation for these later writings. For he
re the aim is to show that a properly understood experience of thinking is a
lready an experience of spirit. For this reason it appears to the author tha
t one able in all earnestness to enter into the point of view of The Philoso
phy of Spiritual Activity will not come to a standstill at the entry into th
e world of spiritual perception. It is true that by drawing conclusions from
the content of this book it is not possible to derive logically what is pre
sented in my later books. But from a living grasp of what in this book is me
ant by intuitive thinking, the further step will result quite naturally: the
actual entry into the world of spiritual perception.
--
朝华易逝残月已无痕,
锁眉略展路旁待旧人。
飘飘零落不由他乡去,
尘凡晓破方知何为真。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 天外飞仙]
※ 修改:·Christy 於 11月29日02:33:20 修改本文·[FROM: 天外飞仙]
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