Philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: Christy (风中的绿叶), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: Preliminary Remarks III
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年11月29日23:11:57 星期四), 站内信件
Truth and Knowledge
Preliminary Remarks
Epistemology is the scientific study of what all other sciences presuppose w
ithout examining it: cognition itself. It is thus a philosophical science, f
undamental to all other sciences. Only through epistemology can we learn the
value and significance of all insight gained through the other sciences. Th
us it provides the foundation for all scientific effort. It is obvious that
it can fulfill its proper function only by making no presuppositions itself,
as far as this is possible, about man's faculty of knowledge. This is gener
ally accepted. Nevertheless, when the better-known systems of epistemology a
re more closely examined it becomes apparent that a whole series of presuppo
sitions are made at the beginning, which cast doubt on the rest of the argum
ent. It is striking that such hidden assumptions are usually made at the out
set, when the fundamental problems of epistemology are formulated. But if th
e essential problems of a science are misstated, the right solution is unlik
ely to be forthcoming. The history of science shows that whole epochs have s
uffered from innumerable mistakes which can be traced to the simple fact tha
t certain problems were wrongly formulated. To illustrate this, we need not
go back as far as Aristotle's physics or Raymond Lull's Ars Magna; — there
are plenty of more recent examples. For instance, innumerable problems conce
rning the purpose of rudimentary organs of certain organisms could only be r
ightly formulated when the condition for doing so had first been created thr
ough the discovery of the fundamental law of biogenesis. While biology was i
nfluenced by teleological views, the relevant problems could not be formulat
ed in a way which could lead to a satisfactory answer. For example, what fan
tastic ideas were entertained concerning the function of the pineal gland in
the human brain, as long as the emphasis was on its purpose! Then comparati
ve anatomy threw some light on the matter by asking a different question; in
stead of asking what the organ was “for,” inquiry began as to whether, in
man, it might be merely a remnant from a lower level of evolution. Another e
xample: how many physical questions had to be modified after the discovery o
f the laws of the mechanical equivalent of heat and of conservation of energ
y! In short, success in scientific research depends essentially on whether t
he problems can be formulated rightly. Even though epistemology occupies a v
ery special place as the basis presupposed by the other sciences, neverthele
ss, successful progress can only be expected when its fundamental problems a
re correctly formulated.
The discussion which follows aims so to formulate the problem of cognition t
hat in this very formulation it will do full justice to the essential featur
e of epistemology, namely, the fact that it is a science which must contain
no presuppositions. A further aim is to use this philosophical basis for sci
ence to throw light on Johann Gottlieb Fichte's philosophy of science. Why F
ichte's attempt in particular to provide an absolutely certain basis for the
sciences is linked to the aims of this essay, will become clear in due cour
se.
--
朝华易逝残月已无痕,
锁眉略展路旁待旧人。
飘飘零落不由他乡去,
尘凡晓破方知何为真。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 天外飞仙]
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