Philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: Christy (风中的绿叶), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: Epistemological Conclusion IX
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年11月29日23:19:23 星期四), 站内信件
Truth and Knowledge
Epistemological Conclusion
We have established that the theory of knowledge is a science of significanc
e for all human knowledge. The theory of knowledge alone can explain to us t
he relationship which the contents of the various branches of knowledge have
to the world. Combined with them it enables us to understand the world, to
attain a world-view. We acquire positive insight through particular judgment
s; through the theory of knowledge we learn the value of this insight for re
ality. Because we have adhered strictly to this absolutely fundamental princ
iple and have not evaluated any particular instances of knowledge in our dis
cussion, we have transcended all one-sided world-views. One-sidedness, as a
rule, results from the fact that the enquiry, instead of first investigating
the process of cognition itself, immediately approaches some object of this
process. Our discussion has shown that in dogmatism, the “thing-in-itself”
cannot be employed as its fundamental principle; similarly, in subjective i
dealism, the “I” cannot be fundamental, for the mutual relationship of the
se principles must first be defined by thinking. The “thing-in-itself” and
“I” cannot be defined by deriving one from the other; both must be define
d by thinking in conformity with their character and relationship. The adher
ent of scepticism must cease to doubt the possibility of knowing the world,
for there is no room for doubt in regard to the “given” — it is still unt
ouched by all predicates later bestowed on it by means of cognition. Should
the sceptic maintain that our cognitive thinking can never approach the worl
d, he can only maintain this with the help of thinking, and in so doing refu
tes himself. Whoever attempts to establish doubt in thinking by means of thi
nking itself admits, by implication, that thinking contains a power strong e
nough to support a conviction. Lastly, our theory of knowledge transcends bo
th one-sided empiricism and one-sided rationalism by uniting them at a highe
r level. In this way, justice is done to both. Empiricism is justified by sh
owing that as far as content is concerned, all knowledge of the given is to
be attained only through direct contact with the given. And it will be found
that this view also does justice to rationalism in that thinking is declare
d to be both the necessary and the only mediator of knowledge.
The world-view which has the closest affinity to the one presented here, bui
lt up on epistemological foundations, is that of A. E. Biedermann. But to es
tablish his standpoint, Biedermann uses concepts which do not belong in a th
eory of knowledge at all. He works with concepts such as existence, substanc
e, space, time, etc., without having first investigated the process of cogni
tion alone. Instead of first establishing the fact that in the process of co
gnition, to begin with, two elements only are present, the given and thinkin
g, he speaks of reality as existing in different forms. For example, he says
:
“Every content of consciousness contains two fundamental factors; two kinds
of existence are given to us in it, and these opposites we designate as phy
sical and spiritual, or as bodily and ideal.” “What exists in space and ti
me is material, but the foundation of all processes of existence, the subjec
t of life, this also exists, but as an ideal; it has ideal being.”
Such considerations do not belong in a theory of knowledge, but in metaphysi
cs, which in turn can be established only by means of a theory of knowledge.
Admittedly, much of what Biedermann maintains is very similar to what I mai
ntain, but the methods used to arrive at this are utterly different. No reas
on to draw any direct comparison has thus arisen. Biedermann seeks to attain
an epistemological standpoint by means of a few metaphysical axioms. The at
tempt here is to acquire insight into reality by observing the process of co
gnition.
And we believe that we have shown that all conflicts between world-views res
ult from a tendency to attempt to attain knowledge of something objective (t
hing, I, consciousness, etc.) without having first gained a sufficiently exa
ct knowledge of what alone can elucidate all knowledge: the nature of knowle
dge itself.
--
朝华易逝残月已无痕,
锁眉略展路旁待旧人。
飘飘零落不由他乡去,
尘凡晓破方知何为真。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 天外飞仙]
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