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发信人: wildwolf (破衣裳||■漂来,桐子), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: the English Version of The Myth of Sisyphus
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年07月14日14:11:50 星期六), 站内信件
The Myth of Sisyphus
Albert Camus
The Gods had condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the
top of a mountain, whence the stone would fall back of its own weight. They
had thought with some reason that there is no more dreadful punishment than
futile and hopeless labor.
If one believes Homer, Sisyphus was the wisest and most prudent of mortals.
According to another tradition, however, he was disposed to practice the
profession of highwayman. I see no contradiction in this. Opinions differ
as to the reasons why he became the futile laborer of the underworld. To
begin with, he is accused of a certain levity in regard to the gods. He
stole their secrets. Aegina, the daughter of Aesopus, was carried off by
Jupiter. The father was shocked by that disappearance and complained to
Sisyphus. He, who knew of the abduction, offered to tell about it on
condition that Aesopus would give water to the citadel of Corinth. To the
celestial thunderbolts he preferred the benediction of water. He was punished
for this in the underworld. Homer tells us also that Sisyphus had put Death
in chains. Pluto could not endure the sight of his deserted, silent empire.
He dispatched the god of war, who liberated Death from the hands of her
conqueror. It is said also that Sisyphus, being near to death, rashly wanted
to test his wife's love. He ordered her to cast his unburied body into the
middle of the public square. Sisyphus woke up in the underworld. And there,
annoyed by an obedience so contrary to human love, he obtained from Pluto
permission to return to earth in order to chastise his wife. But when he
had seen again the face of this world, enjoyed water and sun, warm stones
and the sea, he no longer wanted to go back to the infernal darkness.
Recalls, signs of anger, warnings were of no avail. Many years more he
lived facing the curve of the gulf, the sparkling sea, and the smiles of
earth. A decree of the gods was necessary. Mercury came and seized the
impudent man by the collar and , snatching him form his joys, led him
forcibly back to the underworld, where his rock was ready for him.
You have already grasped that Sisyphus is the absurd hero. He is,
as much through his passions as through his torture. His scorn of the gods,
his hatred of death, and his passion for life won him that unspeakable
penalty in which the whole being is exerted toward accomplishing nothing.
This is the price that must be paid for the passions of this earth. Nothing
is told us about Sisyphus in the underworld. Myths are mad for imagination
to breathe life into them. As for this myth, one sees merely the whole
effort of a body straining to raise the huge stone, to roll it and push
it up a slope a hundred times over; one sees the face screwed up, the cheek
tight against the stone, the shoulder bracing the clay-covered mass, the
foot wedging it , the fresh start with arms hands. At the very end of his
long effort measured by skyless space and time without depth, the purpose
is achieved. Then Sisyphus watches the stone rush down in a few moments
toward that lower world whence he will have to push it up again toward
the summit. He goes back down to the plain.
It is during that return, that pause, that Sisyphus interests me. A face
that toils so close to stones is already stone itself! I se that man going
back down with a heavy yet measured step toward the torment of which he will
never know the end. That hour like a breathing-space which returns as surely
as his suffering, that is the hour of consciousness. At each of those moments
when he leaves the heights and gradually sinks toward the lairs of the gods,
he is superior to his fate. He is stronger than his rock.
If this myth is tragic, that is because its hero is conscious. Where
would his torture be, indeed, if at every step the hope of succeeding
upheld him? The workman of today works every day in his life at the same
tasks, and this fate is no less absurd. But it is tragic only at the rare
moments when it becomes conscious. Sisyphus, proletarian of the gods,
powerless and rebellious, knows the whole extent of his wretched condition:
it is what he thinks of during his descent. The lucidity that was to
constitute his torture at the same time crowns his victory. There is no
fate that cannot be surmounted by scorn.
If the descent is thus sometimes performed in sorrow, it can also take
place in joy. This word is not too much. Again I fancy Sisyphus returning
toward his rock, and the sorrow was in the beginning. When the images of earth
cling too tight to memory, when the call of happiness becomes too insistent,
it happens that melancholy rises in man's heart: this is the rock's victory,
this is the rock itself. The boundless grief is too heavy to bear. These are
our nights of Gethsemane. But crushing truths perish from being acknowledged.
Thus, Oedipus at the outset obeys fate without knowing it . But from the
moment he knows, his tragedy begins. Yet at the same moment, blind and
desperate, he realizes that the only bond linking him to the world is the
cool hand of a girl. Then a tremendous remark rings out:"Despite so many
ordeals, my advanced age and the nobility of my soul make me conclude that
all is well." Sophocles' Oedipus, like Dostoevsky's Kirilov, thus gives
the recipe for the absurd victory. Ancient wisdom confirms modern heroism.
One does not discover the absurd without being tempted to write a manual
of happiness. "What! by such narrow ways-?" There is but one world, however.
Happiness and the absurd are two sons of the same earth. They are inseparable.
It would be a mistake to say that happiness necessarily springs from the
absurd discovery. It happens as well that the feeling of the absurd springs
from happiness. "I conclude that all is well," says Oedipus, and that remark
is sacred. It echoes in the wild and limited universe of man. It teaches that
all is not, has not been, exhausted. It drives out of this world a god who had
come into it with dissatisfaction and a preference for futile sufferings. It
makes of fate a human matter, which must be settled among men.
All Sisyphus' silent joy is contained therein. His fate belongs to him.
His rock is his thing. Likewise, the absurd man, when he contemplates his
torment, silences all the idols. In the universe suddenly restored to its
silence, the myriad wondering little voices of the earth rise up. Unconscious,
secret calls, price of victory. There is no sun without shadow, and it is
effort will henceforth be unceasing. If there is a personal fate, there is
no higher destiny, or at least there is but one which he concludes is
inevitable and despicable. For the rest, he knows himself to be the master
of his days. At that subtle moment when man glances backward over his life,
Sisyphus returning toward his rock, in that slight pivoting he contemplates
that series of unrelated actions which becomes his fate, created by him,
combined under his memory's eye and soon sealed by his death. Thus convinced
of the wholly human origin of all that is human, a blind man eager to see
who knows that the night has no end, he is still on the go. The rock is
still rolling.
I leave Sisyphus at the foot of the mountain! One always finds one's
burden again. But Sisyphus teaches the higher fidelity that negates the
gods and raises rocks. He too concludes that all is well. This universe
henceforth without a master seems to him neither sterile nor futile. Each
atom of that stone, each mineral flake of that night-filled mountain, in
itself forms a world. The struggle itself toward the heights is enough to
fill a man's heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy.
--
剑胆琴心,以观沧海
是非成败,付诸一笑
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