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标 题: Saint Jacques: Derrida and the Ghost of Marxism
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发信人: lianxing (小铁 ★ 拼音加加,小鸭嘎嘎), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: Saint Jacques: Derrida and the Ghost of Marxism
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Mon Sep 4 23:42:56 2000)
Saint Jacques: Derrida and the Ghost of Marxism
David Bedggood
Introduction
or the bourgeoisie, the collapse of "communism" made the world-historic
victory of capitalism seem certain. Yet the contradictions of capitalism
immediately called the new world order into question as globalisation brought
with it what Jacques Derrida
calls the "10 plagues". Apologists for capitalism are now fearful of the
return of Marx's ghost. George Soros sees the ghost in the form of the
anarchy of finance capital. Anthony Giddens sees the ghost in the rise of
left or right fundamentalist
ideology. Without realising it, they pose the problem in terms familiar to
Marxists: the contradiction between dead and living labour and the rise of
the dead reclaimed by the living. But is there a way out for capitalism?
2. Jacques Derrida enters the fray with his book Specters of Marx. He
returns to Marx, or at least, "one spirit" of Marx in the German Ideology.
This is the "spirit" of Marx which became lost to totalitarian Marxism -- the
"spirit" rediscovered in
the extreme individualism of Max Stirner, who deluded himself that he was a
free floating "unique" ego not subject to any social laws. By reclaiming the
powers of alienated social being from the Hegelian god, Stirner worshipped
his self as his personal
god. By rediscovering this formerly unnoticed "spirit" of Marx, Derrida
claims to find a way out of capitalism's plagues with the call for a "new
International". Not a Marxist International on the side of living labour, but
rather a reworked messianism
of the religion of the abstract ego. This is the path of individual
redemption, an expression of the alienation of dead labour that can never
reclaim itself as the spirit of living labour. In appropriating Marx, Derrida
provides the ultimate apology
for capitalist reaction in the name of a "Marx" -- an ideology of personal
for capitalist reaction in the name of a "Marx" -- an ideology of personal
religious salvation which serves as a philosophical left cover for the "Third
Way".
3. In a recent reply to a number of responses to his book, Derrida
re-asserts his messianic claims when he accuses his strongest critics of
being "proprietal" and "patriarchal" under the ghostly influence of "Marx the
father".1 While this is
undeserved, I argue that Derrida's Marxist critics nevertheless fall short of
conjuring away Saint Jacques because they represent the flawed tradition of
Western Marxism -- the failure of materialist dialectics grounded in the
ontology of living
labour. Therefore, the Marxist counter to Derrida's apologetics for
capitalism is to be found in reclaiming the dialectical method that Marx
applies in the German Ideology and which Lukacs, Lenin and Trotsky attempt to
develop in the unity of theory
and practice of the revolutionary party.
Post-Marxist Apologists for the New World Disorder
4. George Soros, one of the richest men in the world, has spent millions
trying to restore capitalism in Russia. But he lost much of his money with
the collapse of the Russian economy in August 1998. He claims that the global
finance system is out
of control and needs to be regulated. His calls for a return to an
"international" like Bretton Woods, or some body attached to the IMF, have
been echoed with increasing frequency after the so-called Asian "meltdown".
His fear is that the casino of
finance capital will bring an end to the new world order and the return to
anarchy and revolution.2 If Soros fears the collapse of the new world order,
Tony Giddens, the apostle of the post-scarcity global society, claims that
the new world order can
be managed by social scientists as advisers to the politicians of the "Third
Way".3 The recent discussions between Soros and Giddens about the unstable
state of the world are premised on the "death" and "burial" of socialism.4
Giddens believes that
socialism has been banished: ". . . the spectre which disturbed the slumbers
of bourgeois Europe for more than seventy years . . . has been returned to
its nether world".5
5. Yet it seems that these speeches at the graveside of Marxism are
premature. The ghost of Marxism continues to haunt the big bourgeoisie
despite every effort to exorcise it. The Communist Manifesto is being fleshed
out as never before by a
capitalist world system out of control. The end of the cold war and collapse
capitalist world system out of control. The end of the cold war and collapse
of "communism" has allowed capitalism unrivalled domination over its "other".
Yet everywhere the forces of disorder manifest themselves -- from the breakup
of the former
Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union, the instability of the "Middle East"
and Central Asia, to the renewed worker and peasant uprisings in Latin
America and South Asia. It is in the face of such rampant disorder and
deepening divisions that a more
robust defence of capitalism is required. In order to exorcise the ghost of
communism, it is necessary to provide a philosophy of rebellion and
redemption that can empower the intelligentsia to confuse and disorient the
masses. Post-Marxism and the new
liberalism of the centre need an anti-foundationist foundation. Post-Marxism
needs a new priesthood.6
6. If Soros is its financier and Giddens its sociologist, then perhaps
Derrida is the philosopher of post-Marxism.7 His mission? The "new middle"
needs to pre-empt the left not merely by declaring Marx dead (since who has
seen the body?), but by
res-erecting the body of the father as the son -- Derrida! From the safety of
"After the fall" (of "communism"), Jacques Derrida, darling of the
post-structuralists writes Specters of Marx, claiming that we are all in
"debt" to Marxism as the New World
Disorder crumbles.8 Derrida asks, "Where is Marxism going? Where are we going
with it?" He recounts how he re-read The Communist Manifesto after some
decades. "I knew very well there was a ghost waiting there, and from the
opening, from the raising of
the curtain. Now, of course, I have just discovered, in truth I have just
remembered what must have been, haunting my memory: the first noun of the
Manifesto, and this time in the singular, is 'specter': 'A Specter is
haunting Europe - the specter of
communism'".9 Derrida's salutes Marx and reveals his desire to reclaim at
least "one spirit" of Marx by de-totalising Marx-ISM.10
Upon re-reading the Manifesto and a few other great works of Marx, I
said to myself that I know of few texts in the philosophical tradition,
perhaps none, whose lesson seemed more urgent today, provided that one take
into account what Marx and
Engels themselves say (for example in Engel's "Preface" to the 1888
re-edition) about their own possible "aging" and their intrinsically
irreducible historicity. What other thinker has ever issued a similar warning
in such an explicit fashion? Who has
ever called for the transformation to come of his own theses? Not only in
view of some progressive enrichment of knowledge, which would change nothing
in the order of a system, but so as to take into account there, another
o take into account there, another
account, the effects of
rupture and restructuration? And so as to incorporate in advance, beyond any
possible programming, the unpredictability of new knowledge, new techniques
and new givens? No text in the tradition seems as lucid concerning the way in
which the political
is becoming worldwide, concerning the irreducibility of the technical and the
media in the current of the most thinking thought -- and this goes beyond the
railroad and the newspapers of the time whose powers were analysed in such an
incomparable way
in the Manifesto. And few texts have shed so much light on law, international
law, and nationalism.11
7. Derrida repeats the familiar refrain that Marxism is transformed as
society is transformed. But what social transformations is he talking about?
The power of Marxism to predict the changes Derrida talks of -- in politics,
technology and media
-- comes from the method of abstraction which uncovers the developmental
dynamic of capitalism and its laws of motion. Marx expected that Marxism
would disappear along with the withering of the state under socialism. Yet
neither capitalism nor Marxism
has been fundamentally transformed despite the rush of ex-Marxists into the
post-al camp.12 However, Derrida believes that there is a "Marxism" that can
s that there is a "Marxism" that can
be true to transformed capitalism. It was the "Marxism" that Marx denied at
birth. So Derrida wants
to magically "transform" Marxism at its inception. He wants to reclaim the
"memory" of Marxism from the doctrinaires, and to produce a new Marx for the
"future".
It will always be a fault not to read and re-read and discuss Marx --
which is to say also a few others -- and to go beyond scholarly "reading" or
"discussion". It will be more and more a fault, a failing of theoretical,
philosophical, political
responsibility. When the dogma machine and the "Marxist" ideological
apparatuses (States, parties, cells, unions, and other places of doctrinal
production) are in the process of disappearing, we no longer have any excuse,
only alibis, for turning away
from this responsibility. There will be no future without this. Not without
Marx, no future without Marx, without the memory and the inheritance of Marx:
in any case a certain Marx, or his genius, of at least one of his spirits.
For this will be our
hypothesis or rather our bias: there is more than one of them, there must be
more than one of them.13
8. Derrida recognises that the end of "official" Marxism has left a
he end of "official" Marxism has left a
political vacuum to be filled. He is appalled at the apparent victory of the
new right and wants to reclaim Marxism to bolster the appeal of
deconstruction.14 He will do this by
recouping "one of [Marx's] spirits" conjured up from his youth which will
bear a striking resemblance to deconstruction. Derrida recognises the
"inheritance" of Marxism that cannot be wished away by the "end of
ideologists". He knows because he opposed
official Marxism in his youth, and it still haunts him.
Nevertheless, among all the temptations I will have to resist today,
there would be the temptation of memory: to recount what was for me, and for
those of my generation, who shared it during a whole lifetime, the experience
of Marxism, the
quasi-paternal figure of Marx, the way it fought in us with other filiations,
the reading of texts and the interpretation of the world in which the Marxist
inheritance was -- and still remains, and so it will remain -- absolutely and
thoroughly
determinate. One need not be a Marxist or a communist in order to accept this
obvious fact. We all live in a world, some would say a culture, that still
bears, at an incalculable depth, the mark of this inheritance, whether in a
directly visible
fashion or not. Among the traits that characterise a certain experience that
terise a certain experience that
belongs to my generation, that is, an experience that will have lasted at
least forty years, and which is not over, I will isolate first of all a
troubling paradox. I am
speaking of a troubling effect of "déjà vu", and even of a certain
"toujours déjà vu". I recall this malaise of perception, hallucination, and
time because of the theme that brings us together this evening: "wither
Marxism?" For many of us the
question has the same age as we do. In particular for those who, and this was
also my case, opposed, to be sure, de facto "Marxism" or "communism" (the
Soviet Union, the International of Communist Parties, and everything that
resulted from them, which
is to say so very many things), but intended at least never to do so out of
conservative or reactionary motivations or even moderate right-wing or
republican positions.15
9. Derrida knows that Marxism will not "wither" even as its official
versions have been declared dead and buried. This is because Marxism is as
"alive" as the historic struggle between dead and living labour is "alive".16
The ghost of Marxism has
returned to haunt Sorosian capitalism today where hot money 30 times the
dollar value of world trade is flooding around the world speculating in
exchange rates. That ghost is all that alienated, dead labour coming home to
that alienated, dead labour coming home to
haunt the bourgeoisie as
speculative capital.17
10. The growth of speculative capital represents the overproduction of
capital incapable of mobilising sufficient living labour to produce more
alienated surplus-value because of insufficient profits. Overproduction of
capital can be in commodity
form represented by gluts that cannot find a market. It is expressed also as
money capital, which cannot find a profitable productive investment. So the
"out of control" growth of the financial system is ultimately a symptom of
the necessary
overproduction of capital. Similarly the threat of fundamentalism is a
consequence of the inherent crisis and anarchy of capitalist production. The
real spectre is and remains the spectre of communism. It is this fear of the
return of the spectre that
unites Soros, Giddens and Derrida as "ideologists" of post-Marxist
apologetics of the "new middle" that now seeks to replace the neo-liberal
ascendancy.18
The Ghost of Dead Labour
11. Under capitalism, "dead labour" is all the accumulated value of past
ll the accumulated value of past
labour owned as capital. It is owned as the private property of the
capitalist class. Dead labour is therefore the accumulation of past living
labour. It is in contradiction
with living labour -- the working class that daily produces more value. Dead
labour is in contradiction with living labour because it is used to increase
production of use-values only if it realises an exchange-value and creates a
profit. This
contradiction means that the accumulation of alienated dead labour is at the
expense of the consumption of use-values to meet the needs of living labour.
Production for profits starves the consumption (and therefore reproduction)
of labour-power as a
use value. The contradiction can only be resolved when living labour reclaims
its dead labour and frees up its capacity to produce use-values to meet the
needs of all. Arising out of these social relations of production, alienation
is the "human"
condition of capitalism. It represents the "spectre" of past labour that
comes back to haunt the bourgeoisie in the form of proletarian revolution.19
12. Alienation is the state of being separated from your self. Marx says
that humans live by their labour and by consuming the fruits of their labour,
or they die. Therefore to be separated from your labour and its fruits is to
be separated or
be separated or
estranged from your self. The "self" which bourgeois intellectuals today
mystify as "identity" or "lifestyle" is empty, phoney, because it is not
produced through our labour. Rather our ersatz "self" is passively
reconstituted when we consume our
alienated labour as reified commodities.20 Instead of seeing that it is our
labour that is the value in the "things", these "things" appear to have value
in themselves. Social relations of production become inverted as social
relations between
"things". Marx calls this commodity fetishism. Who we are, and what we are,
is therefore the product of what we consume as alienated values. Because our
labour and its value is alienated so is everything else. Money is now
everything. I am, as Marx
says, my hip pocket. I "shop therefore I am".21
13. At the root of what is rotten about capitalism is the separation of
workers from their labour so that they do not control the fruits of their
labour. This means that they have lost any control over their lives. The less
control they have the
more they look for alien forces as the forces which determine their fate, or
in desperation they challenge fate by appealing to the irrationality of
chance or good luck. Under the grip of alien forces they are incapable of
recognising that they are
mere projections of their own power. They fail to see that they externalise
their power to fate, chance, God etc as alien and outside their control. Is
it not surprising that appeals to irrational, supernatural, out-of-world
experiences, mysticism, and
post-modernism, become alibis for not taking control of our-selves? The
alienated bourgeois subject staring into the mirror! What the bourgeois fear
is what they do not see in the mirror -- the ghost of dead labour that haunts
them; yet it will
disappear only when living labour re-expropriates its dead labour and
abolishes capital in a social revolution.
14. That is why for ideological reactionaries today the spectre is still
proletarian "communism". In the language of conservative neo-Hegelians like
Fukuyama, it is the totality of the working class essence (forms of which
appear as "socialist",
environmentalist, religious fundamentalism, etc.) posing a threat to the
unique, finite freedom of the bourgeois subject, i.e. capital. Derrida
demolishes Fukuyama as an objective idealist incapable of providing a
rationale to defend democracy and
human rights.22 This because such a "perfect liberal democracy" is in
"contradiction" with the real world of the "10 plagues", and cannot therefore
persuade anyone that the "end of history" has arrived.23 But more than this,
ed.23 But more than this,
Hegelian idealism is
another totalitarian system which has to be rejected along with its cross
cousin, dialectical materialism.
15. Similarly, post-modernism's ghost is too abstract for Derrida's
purposes because it repudiates the Enlightenment project and humanism as
totality. It tries to gloss over capitalism's contradictions and to present
the commodification of the
world as personal redemption. This retreat into an elitist consumption
culture and identify politics is too crude to contain the masses who are
deprived of use-values. We shall see that the precise point at which Derrida
appropriates Marxism is his
rejection of the ontology of labour as a use-value. This is to eliminate
labour as productive of commodities to meet the needs of wage-labour. For to
allow labour as use-value to remain as a necessary condition of capitalism is
to recognise the
necessary contradiction between the reproduction of society (forces of
production) and the demands of capital accumulation (relations of
production). Such a contradiction drives the laws of motion of capital and
its intensifying periodic crises. This
is what makes capitalism a transient, historical mode of production, which
produces the pre-requisites for the collective transformation of capitalist
es for the collective transformation of capitalist
social relations.
16. By conjuring away the real ghost of use-value, Derrida eliminates
the material basis of social determinism that can undermine and threaten the
messianic performance of the bourgeois individual.24 He eliminates it as
labour both in the form of
living labour appropriated as commodities, and as dead labour, appropriated
in the past as the accumulated material/technical wealth of the productive
forces. Therefore the new challenge of capitalism in decline is for its
ideologists to appropriate
"Marxism" in the name of "radical" democracy ie. bourgeois individualism.
There is a need for more subtlety; for an 'indirect apologetics' which takes
capitalism's "plagues", and attempts to explain them as ethical sins that can
be redeemed by the pure
moral intentions of "responsible" intellectuals.25 There is a need for a
post-Marxism that can claim to be both post- and 'radical' ie. true to Marx.
This requires a new initiative to restore Marx to his "self".
17. Derrida, following the "death of Marxism", tries to marry "one
spirit" of Marx to deconstruction by repudiating Marx's ontology of living
and dead labour as the social forces shaping the lives of alienated bourgeois
individuals. As I hope to
individuals. As I hope to
show, this 'take' on the humanist "spirit" of young Marx, attempts to recoup
the subjective idealism of Max Stirner as that of the young Marx also. To
help make this point I will critique a number of critics of Derrida's recent
"turn" to Marxism to
show that they all fail to recognise the deeply reactionary project lying at
the heart of Derrida's "spirit" of Marx.26
Derrida's Critics
18. It is interesting to see how Derrida's critics interpret his
(re)turn to Marx. Eagleton makes some caustic comments on Derrida's
"opportunism", his "academicist fantasy that he has somehow mistaken for an
enlightened anti-Stalinism". He makes
fun of Derrida: "It is the ultimate post-structuralist fantasy: an opposition
without anything as distastefully systemic or drably 'orthodox' as an
opposition, a dissent beyond all formulable discourse, a promise which would
betray itself in the act of
fulfilment, a perpetual excited openness to the Messiah who had better not
let us down by doing anything as determinate as coming".27 Yet Eagleton does
not pursue Derrida's political purpose in re-fashioning the de-totalised
Young Marx.
19. Spivak, the "Marxist" most sympathetic to Derrida has tried for 10
years or more to marry Derrida to a deconstructed Marx.28 Her purpose is to
rid Marx of what she sees as the idealist hangover of an undercover humanist
universalism. But in
the process she turns Marx into a Feuerbach who sees some abstract
Enlightenment social essence (the unity of "nature" and "reason") which can
only be realised in the intellect.29 Spivak picks up on several shortcomings
in Derrida's treatment of Marx.
He denies the dual nature of the commodity and counter-poses use-value as the
future release from exchange-value. Socially necessary labour time is not the
measure of value. He universalises money as capital so his brand of utopian
socialism is to
remove money -- exchange-value -- and replace it with use-values. (Remember
the attack on Proudhon in the opening passages of the Grundrisse.) To extend
Spivak's critique further, Derrida's discourse on the 'new world disorder'
reduces to a critique of
unequal exchange -- not of labour values but of money "values" or prices as
determined by the market.30 This means that insofar as "exploitation" exists
it results from individuals buying commodities cheap and selling them dear.
Equitable consumption
then becomes a matter of caveat emptor. This reduces ideologically to
performativity as "market choice" similar to that of Hayek or the "negative
freedom" of Berlin.
20. Spivak's blind spot on Marx is her view that the contradiction
between use-value and exchange-value is not a real contradiction that
motivates the class struggle. She thinks that Marx sets up the goalposts of a
socialist "society" at which we
take aim by intellectually overcoming of the shortfall of reason with doses
of political dogma. This is the familiar post-structuralist critique of
totalising Marxism as yet another Enlightenment teleology that has to fail.31
Marx, however, argued
against idealist conceptions of revolution. The contradiction between
use-value and exchange-value was, and is, a real contradiction. It is class
struggle at the point of production and not in the academy that motivates
capitalism's crisis-ridden
development. The limits to capitalism's development will be decided by the
practical struggle of the proletariat, and not by philosophers. While Spivak
picks up on some of Derrida's obvious "mistakes" she misses the main one --
that the purpose of
Marxism is not merely to interpret the world but to change it.32
21. Thus Spivak's blind spot obscures the real source of Derrida's
weakness in his fixation on Stirner. She attempts to "correct" Derrida
weakness in his fixation on Stirner. She attempts to "correct" Derrida
conceptually, but cannot understand why he "mistakes" Marx. This is because
these are not "mistakes", but the
result of deliberately "excluding" the spirits of labour, class, the "party",
etc., i.e. the "totalitarian Marx". Because Derrida is obsessed by these evil
spirits, he cannot follow Marx into the Grundrisse or Capital to demonstrate
the material laws
of motion that elaborate and pose the practical resolution of the real
contradiction between use-value and exchange-value as social revolution.
Derrida purposely excludes these unwanted spirits so that he can recover the
pure spirit of rebellion
against "evil" in the acts of faith of individuals taking "responsibility"
(weak messianic force).
22. Jameson, too, is sympathetic. While driven to explain post-modernism
as a cultural expression of late capitalism (or more recently finance
capital) Jameson has no brief to unite Derrida and Marx. Yet he finds
Derrida's fixation on the young
Marx refreshing. He seems to endorse Derrida's position on "messianism" shorn
of the "apocalyptic" ontological certainties of Marxism. He accepts that
Derrida's appeal to the "messianic" is akin to that of Benjamin's "weak
messianic power".33 Here he
is referring to Benjamin's conception of revolution as the "unexpected" as
opposed to the Stalinist and Social Democratic "rhetoric of historic
inevitability". Jameson sees in Derrida's return to the young Marx a way of
conceiving of
post-modern virtuality, a daily spectrality that undermines the present and
the real without any longer attracting attention at all; it marks the
originality of our social situation, but no-one (before Derrida) has
re-identified it as a very old thing
in quite this dramatic way -- it is the emergence, at the very end of
Derrida's book, of spectrality, of the messianic, as "the differantial
deployment of the tekhne, of techno science of tele-technology". Perhaps we
need something similar here: Marx's
purloined letter: a whole new programme in itself surely, a wandering
signifier capable of keeping any number of conspiratorial futures alive.34
23. This limp solidarity with Derrida's radical indeterminacy fits with
Ebert's assessment that for Jameson consumption is the "basis for capital
accumulation in postmodernism". "Jameson offers a model of the mode of
production that erases the
appropriation of surplus labour just as thoroughly as does Baudrillard's
hyperreal semiotic system".35 Ebert does not expand on Jameson's preference
for the consumption moment over the production moment. I think it can be
for the consumption moment over the production moment. I think it can be
found in his adoption of
Mandel's theory of Late Capitalism.36 Because Mandel makes crisis contingent
on many causes including underconsumption he opens the door for Jameson to
develop his consumptionist explanation of post-modernism.37
24. More recently Jameson has moved further away from Marx by adopting
Arrighi's model of capitalist development which separates and isolates the
overproduction of MC as "finance capital" as a definite stage in the cycle of
capitalist
development.38 The effect is to shift the cause of the post-modern cultural
turn from the drive to consume to the drive to speculate which becomes
further separated from the production moment and production relations. The
ills of capitalism in its
current historical context are seen to be the result of the decline of US
hegemony caused by the rise of financial speculation. There is no Marxist
conception of the fundamental causes the financial speculation itself, or how
this will "determine" a
crisis of capitalist production relations and the re-emergence of the
enlightenment project as socialist revolution. It is not surprising then that
Jameson cannot account for much that is going on in the world and finds
Derrida's appeal to the
"virtuality" of the "always-now" attractive.39
25. Fletcher gets closer to Derrida/Stirner's extreme individualism.
Fletcher argues that Derrida is reclaiming the Young Hegelian Marx but with a
Stirner twist. Derrida collapses modernity into the abstract "past-present-fut
ure". The abandonment
of any historicity of social relations for an ahistorical metaphysics of time
allows him to set up a surreptitious "transcendental hauntology" against
ontology -- which he sees as metaphysics ie. the attempt to exorcise
hauntology.40 Yet obviously
Derrida is privileging a meta-ontology which says that egos are shapeless and
empty of substance or presence unless formed by a succession of irreducible
acts (differance).
26. So hauntology is a subversive meta-narrative which says that in
history there is no objective or material reality such as the necessity of
social relations, only a reality which is the projection of the indeterminate
(free will) ego. Any
ontology that specifies "being" in relation to social essences, including
social relations, is pre-empted by a bogus anti-essential ghosts-in-general/ha
untology. In other words there is no "essence" beyond the individual who can
perceive and understand
social relations only as a sequence of indeterminate acts of "free will",
sequence of indeterminate acts of "free will",
i.e. market choice. Any attempt to give this indeterminate chaos substance as
a collective, universal essence is to engage in metaphysics -- i.e., ghosts.
Derrida writes:
What is a ghost? What is the effectivity or the presence of a specter,
that is, for what seems to remain as ineffective, virtual, insubstantial as a
simulacrum? . . . Let us call it a hauntology. This logic of haunting would
not be merely larger
and more powerful than an ontology or a thinking of Being. It would harbour
within itself, but like circumscribed places or particular effects,
eschatology and teleology themselves.41
27. By coining a term "hauntology" to exorcise the ghosts of
Enlightenment determinism, Derrida must pre-empt the ontological (and
epistemological) assumptions of "being" (rationality) by counter-posing a
radical "essence" of "nothingness"
(irrationality). Here he borrows from Heidegger.42
28. Derrida draws on Heidegger in particular in his reference to the
notion that the "time is out of joint". It is an attempt to explain how the
"present" is formed out of the actions of individuals not 'caused' by past or
future, but for whom the
future, but for whom the
present is shaped by indeterminate "traces", i.e. before society, before
psychology, etc. Derrida refers to Hamlet and his predicament (" time is out
of joint") to suggest that the "disjointure" of past present and future can
only be "rejoined" in acts
of pure justice. Heidegger calls this irreducible act a "gift" meaning it has
no market or exchange value. Of this Derrida says:
There is first of all a gift without restitution, without calculation,
without accountability. Heidegger thus removes such gift from any horizon of
culpability, of debt, of right, and even, perhaps of duty. . . . Beyond
right, and still more beyond
juridicism, beyond morality, and still more beyond moralism, does not justice
as relation to the other suppose on the contrary the irreducible excess of a
disjointure or an anachrony, some Un-Fuge, some "out of joint" dislocation in
Being and in time
itself, a disjointure that, in always risking the evil, expropriation, and
injustice against which there is no calculable insurance, would alone be able
to do justice or to render justice. . . . Otherwise justice risks being
reduced once again to
juridical-moral rules, norms or representations, within an inevitably
totalising horizon (movement for adequate restitution, expiation, or
reappropriation).43
29. Derrida then goes on to explain how such pure acts can realise
social justice.44 The "Messianic: the coming of the other, the absolute and
unpredictable singularity of the arrivant as justice". This is the
"ineffaceable mark" of "Marx's
legacy". Following Blanchard's "Marx's Three Voices", Derrida says that Marx
asks us:
Not to maintain together the disparate, but to put ourselves there where the
disparate itself holds together, without wounding the dis-jointure, the
dispersion, or the difference, without effacing the heterogeneity of the
other. We are asked (enjoined
perhaps) to turn ourselves over to the future, to join ourselves in this we,
there where the disparate is turned over to this singular joining, without
conception or certainty of determination, without knowledge, without or
before the synthetic
junction of the conjunction and the disjunction. The Alliance of a rejoining
without conjoined mate, without organisation, without party, without nation,
without state, without property (the "communism" that we will later nickname
the new
International)".45
30. This attempt to use Heidegger to read Marx backwards as a
deconstructionist also explains what he finds useful in the extreme egoism of
Max Stirner.46 Derrida fixes on Stirner because Stirner learned to live with,
and like, his "spooks", i.e.
the "spirit" of his unique ego -- the pre-social, pre-religious,
pre-everything act of self-determination.47 In Stirner's mind these acts are
the irreducible effects/spectres of his own egoistic being, messianic
eschatology and teleology even. The
absolute ideal becomes the "unique" ego. These "spooks" are not "totalities"
coming back to haunt the ruling class because there is no class and no rule,
in fact no society even. All there is is the uniquely posited pre-social
individual and his (sic)
"own" property.48
31. Fletcher suggests that Derrida gets into retro mode at a point when
Marx made the decisive break with the Young Hegelians who had yet to expunge
religion (alienation) from their cult of humanity. But more than this, I
argue that Derrida
recuperates a pre-Marxist Stirnerian anarchism and projects it forwards not
only as an antidote to totalitarian Marxism in the present (which is largely
defunct) but more importantly to any revival of revolutionary Marxism in the
future. By selecting a
voluntarist "spirit" of the young Marx, Derrida regresses into the
pre-history of Western Marxism and defaults into a form of liberal anarchism.
Why Stirner?
32. Stirner is usually seen as an anarchist who in rejecting Hegel takes
subjective idealism to its extreme.49 In so doing, Stirner exposes some of
the weakness of the Left Hegelians and forces Marx to make a complete break
with idealism.50 That
is why it is Stirner and not Feuerbach or Bauer, who becomes the main target
of Marx's ferocious critique in The German Ideology.51 Marx's critique of
Stirner is motivated by the appeal that Stirner's brand of radical egoism has
against his own
materialist method and politics. This seductive idealism had to be pulled out
at the roots. Marx goes for the throat of Saint Max Stirner.
We spoke above of the German philosophical conception of history. Here,
in Saint Max we find a brilliant example of it. The speculative idea, the
abstract conception, is made the driving force of history, and history is
thereby turned into the
mere history of philosophy. But even the latter is not conceived as,
according to existing sources, it actually took place -- not to mention how
-- not to mention how
it evolved under the influence of real historical relations -- but as it was
understood and described by
recent German philosophers, in particular Hegel and Feuerbach. And from these
descriptions again only that was selected which could be adapted to the given
end, and which came into the hands of our saint by tradition. Thus, history
becomes a mere
history of illusory ideas, a history of spirits and ghosts, while the real,
empirical history that forms the basis of this ghostly history is only
utilised to provide bodies for these ghosts; from it are borrowed the names
required to clothe these
ghosts with the appearance of reality. In making this experiment our saint
frequently forgets his role and writes an undisguised ghost-story.52
33. Stirner's peculiar brand of ghost story in which realism and
idealism are historically unified as "egoism" is just another "dishing up" of
a "tedious" and "boring" speculative history, says Marx. "Moreover, the
strong competition among the
German speculative philosophers makes it the duty of each new competitor to
offer an ear-splitting historical advertisement for his commodity".53 Having
noted that even in 1845 philosophers were commodifying their speculations, an
insight that applies
even more to recent French philosophy, Marx proceeds to take apart the
even more to recent French philosophy, Marx proceeds to take apart the
use-value of Stirner's commodity phrase by phrase.
34. Stirner's egoism is an idealist fiction, itself as much an "essence"
as the religious conventions he assails. "How little it occurs to him to make
each "unique" the measure of his own uniqueness, how much he uses his own
uniqueness as a
measure, a moral norm to be applied to other individuals, like a true
moralist, forcing them into his Procrustean bed".54 His notion of the
"individual" is shorn of social relations and so reproduces an "association
of egoists" as an "ideal copy of
capitalist society, of Hegel's civil society". Marx jokes that Stirner,
"would be allocated a place in the capitalist division of labour", of which
he is totally ignorant.55 In destroying Stirner's notion of "freedom of
labour" as "free competition of
workers among themselves", Marx develops his concept of abstract labour.56 In
his demolition of Stirner's "rebellion" and rejection of "communism", Marx
offers a dialectical and historical conception of the individual whose
self-activity and
self-realisation is achieved by the transformation of social relations in
practice.57 "Modern universal intercourse can be controlled by individuals .
. . only when controlled by all. . . . Only at this stage, does self-self
activity coincide with
material life, which corresponds to the development of individuals into
complete individuals. . . . The transformation of labour into self-activity
corresponds to the transformation of the earlier limited intercourse into the
intercourse of individuals
as such".58
35. For Derrida, however, Marx's critique (his ontological response to
Stirner's mystification of labour) entailed the "totalising horizon" of an
essential "communism", conceived by Marx in the German Ideology, but realised
as the actually
existing communism of the 20th century. For Derrida, this vindicates
Stirner's objection to "communism" as doing "violence to the individual's
freedom", against Marx's fundamental critique of Stirner's egoism, which
takes as its starting point the
"unfreedom" of labour under capitalism.59 Thus for Derrida, Marx fear of the
ghost/void of the "unique" ego lead him to posit "unfree labour" as a
totalitarian essence. To follow Stirner, Marx should have responded not by
"filling in a void" but by
"increasingly emptying it out".60 Here the "void" is the indeterminacy of
society represented by "spectrality" and exercise of "hauntology" against all
totalising operations in ghost-busting. But Marx's critique of
Stirner/Derrida is precisely to "fill
Stirner/Derrida is precisely to "fill
in the void" with the knowledge of the social relations which determine the
"being" in front of its "consciousness" so that the real specter of "dead
labour" can be brought back to life.
36. So it seems that Derrida has put his finger on what was a decisive
turning point in Marx's shift from post-Hegelian idealism to historical
materialism. Marx was determined to overcome alienation by recognising its
material other -- "unfree
labour" -- rooted in the social relations of production. Derrida senses that
this is the crucial point at which Marx defeats subjective idealism. So he
wants to undermine the adoption of the philosophical method of dialectical
materialism in its
embryonic form. He wants to get in at the beginnings of Marxism so as to
abort any rebirth of historical materialism out of the ashes of Stalinism and
Menshevik Western Marxism. He must do this by inserting a subjective idealism
that is congenial to
the post-modern petty bourgeois' desire for personal salvation in the age of
the new world disorder.
37. Callinicos and Eagleton suggest that something of this sort is
Derrida's purpose but don't pursue the argument further. Callinicos is
correct to point to the absence of any link between Derrida's "messianic
eschatology" and "any theoretical
understanding of the dynamics of historical transformation".61 "Marx thus
relies, according to Derrida, on "an ontology of presence as actual reality
and as objectivity relative to which spectres and other forms of
representation of the absent can be
'conjured away' by being reduced to their material conditions, the world of
labour, production, and exchange".62
38. So how is it that Derrida can make such a belated reconciliation
with "one-spirit" of Marx? What was he doing when others such as Althusser
attempted to rescue Marxism from Stalinism? Derrida, after all, is proud to
state that he opposed
"everything" to do with Marxism for twenty years.63 He supported the cause of
Chris Hani in South Africa, but who to the left of Kissinger did'nt?
Callinicos cannot come up with any real explanation for Derrida's renewed
interest in Marxism. Callinicos
own stalinophobic politics is a blind spot, which obscures the reason Derrida
could not take up an active anti-Stalinist stand such as that of Trotsky's
"Fourth International". Like Derrida, Callinicos was taken by surprise at the
collapse of
Stalinism. Neither had a theoretical basis on which to predict the outcomes
in the Stalinist states; how could there be a counter-revolution in the
in the Stalinist states; how could there be a counter-revolution in the
counter-revolution? Hence the unexpected counter-revolutions of 1989.64
39. In my opinion, this is a telling point against Callinicos' own
Marxism. On the one hand, Derrida is a subjective idealist. He wants to free
the authentic act of the ego from any social determination. Ultimately this
freedom is a religious
experience -- in which Stirner's free ego is the pure expression of messianic
salvation.65 On the other hand, Callinicos' rejection of Marx's analysis of
the determinate effects of commodity fetishism on consciousness traps him in
an equally idealist
position of the spontaneously class conscious proletariat.66 For me this
explains why Callinicos can only take his critique of Derrida so far. To take
it any further would require an overcoming of the idealist baggage that both
Derrida and Callinicos,
in their own way, bring from Western Marxism.67
40. Eagleton criticises Jameson's "summary treatment" of Derrida's
politics in defending Derrida's brand of "left" deconstruction opposing
"post-Marxism" and attacks on Althusser. Yet, he says, "Derrida's 'left'
deconstruction seems no more than a
'left liberalism', well meaning, flexible, participatory if somewhat
theoretically diffuse political programmes of the traditional New Left. Is
there to be a Deconstructive Party alongside the Democrats, or is the
encounter between Marxism and
deconstruction not that kind of thing at all?"68 ". . . Derrida has turned to
Marxism just when it has become marginal, and so, in his post-structuralist
reckoning, rather more alluring. (He has in fact no materialist or historical
analysis of
Stalinism whatsoever as opposed to an ethical rejection of it)".69
41. Eagleton recognises that it is no coincidence that Derrida
rediscovers the early Marx just as the "late" Marx of the Second
International, and the Stalinist Third International, has been certified dead
and buried. He can see that Derrida wants
to reclaim that part of Marx that retrospectively makes deconstruction the
genuine Marxism. Yet Eagleton fails completely to see what is at stake here.
Derrida's is not merely an intellectual exercise in which deconstruction
becomes the 'new' new left
fashion any more than Stirner's unique was the fashion in young Hegelian
circles. It may be that Stalinism and Second International menshevism have
suffered an historic defeat, but that is not to say that the idealist method
(the totalised Marx) which
underpins Western Marxism is dead.
42. More important, the re-emergence of capitalist crisis tendencies
carries the threat of a renewal of revolutionary Marxism. So it seems to me
that in anticipation of this contest, Derrida, like other post-Marxist
ideologues, is insinuating
himself into the lineage of Western Marxism at the point of its inception to
claim the franchise on genuine Marxism. Therefore the appropriation of
Stirnerian "rebellion" as a deconstruction of materialist ontology is a
conscious attempt to install an
anti-materialist subjective idealist "spirit" of Marxism against the time and
place of the revival of revolutionary Marxism.
From Pre- to Post-Marx via Benjamin?
43. The attempts by Laclau and Critchely to recruit Derrida to a
self-conscious post-Marxism support this view. Their shift towards
indeterminacy and contingency is on a convergence course with Derrida's
rejection of "totalitarian" Marxism.70
Laclau is optimistic that "deconstruction can present itself both as a moment
of its inscription in the Marxist tradition as well as a point of
turning/deepening/supersession of the latter". For Laclau, the true Marxist
tradition is the
"Sorelian-Gramscian" line within Western Marxism where "material forces"
become "loose and indeterminate", and where the "distinction between the
ethical and political becomes blurred".71 Negri's position is similar. He
chides Derrida for his
nostalgia, but commends him for producing a "new theory of spectrality, which
corresponds with common experience: an experience of the everyday, and/or the
masses, the experience of a mobile, flexible, computerized, immaterialized
and spectral
labour".72 In other words there is a shift from objective idealism: fate, the
proletarian mission, etc to subjective idealism. After all, if "material
forces" become contingent, and indeed Marxism becomes one of many
"emancipations", who or what is the
revolutionary subject?
44. Lukacs makes the point about bourgeois apologetics at the beginning
of the imperialist epoch that it is an elite philosophy of the 'parasitic
intelligentsia' who in response to the crises of war and revolution set out
to "philosophically
demolish dialetictics and historical materialism" by "incorporating its
'serviceable' and suitably 'purified' elements".73 Similarly, in the currrent
period of late imperialist crisis the role of 'revolutionary subject' falls
by default to the
counter-hegemonic intellectual/priest who infiltrates the camp of the class
counter-hegemonic intellectual/priest who infiltrates the camp of the class
enemy, and articulates indeterminacy as a "weak messianic power". This is a
direct reference to Derrida's supposed affinity with Benjamin in an attempt
to incorporate his
"seviceable" and "purified" elements to bolster Derrida's post-"Marxist"
credentials.
45. While Jameson takes Derrida's appeal to Benjamin seriously
Callinicos is not taken in. He argues that Derrida's attraction for Stirner
fits with the latter's "proto-Nietzschean tone". He comments: "One might say
that the poststructuralist
discovery of Stirner was bound to happen sooner or later". By comparison,
Benjamin's "tortuous, ambiguous, but ultimately decisive moment towards
revolutionary socialism and historical materialism -- showed that the reverse
is true, that 'messianic
extremity' requires a materialist anchorage".74 Yet Callinicos does not
speculate about why it is necessary for Derrida, as opposed to
poststructuralism in general, to rediscover Stirner as "proto Nietzschean"
and still make a gesture towards Benjamin
the genuine Marxist.75 Either Benjamin is not a real Marxist or Derrida is.
46. But Derrida's gesture towards Benjamin is rhetorical, since his
conception of the "messianic" is very different from that of Benjamin, who
takes as read Marx's critique of Stirner's "rebellion".76 In his recent
response to his interlocuters,
Derrida clarifies what he means by 'messianic'. This is a "messianicity
without messianism" -- i.e. messianicity without a messiah, without utopia.
Nothing could be further from Utopia and Utopianism, even in its
"subterranean" form, than the messianicity and spectrality which are at the
heart of Specters of Marx. While Benjamin still has traces of Jewish and
Marxist "messianism" . . .
messianicity (which I regard as a universal structure of experience, and
which cannot be reduced to religious messianism of any stripe) is anything
but Utopian: it refers, in every here-now, to the coming of an eminently
real, concrete event, that is,
to the most irreducibly heterogenous otherness. Nothing is more "realistic"
or "immediate" than this messianic apprehension, straining forward toward the
event of him who/that which is coming . . . messianicity mandates that we
interrupt the ordinary
course of things, time and history here-now: it is inseparable from an
affirmation of otherness and justice. As this unconditional messianicity must
therefore negotiate its conditions in one or other singular, practical
situation, we have to do here
with the locus of an analysis and evaluation, and therefore of a
with the locus of an analysis and evaluation, and therefore of a
responsibility.77
47. There is clearly a massively subjective idealist project here. The
"unconditional messianicity" as the "universal structure of experience" is
devoid of social relations (and is therefore a void/specter) and is wholly
self-driven like the
sovereign consumer of bourgeois ideology. The "affirmations" of "otherness",
"justice" (meaning the gift without obligation) is the substance of social
responsibility. No wonder Derrida thinks that Benjamin's messianism has some
way to go before it
arrives at "messianicity". Meanwhile Derrida merely suggests a "possible
convergence" between himself and Benjamin. He wonders:
If Benjamin does not link the privileged moments of this "weak messianic
power" to determinate historico-political phases, or, indeed crises. . . .
Thus there would be, for Benjamin critical moments (pre-revolutionary or
post-revolutionary).
moments of hope or disappointment, in short, dead ends during which a
simalcrum of messianism serves as an alibi. Whence the strange adjective
"weak". I am not sure I would define the messianicity I speak of as power (it
is, no less, a vulnerability or
a kind of absolute powerlessness); but even if I did define it as power, as
the movement of desire, as the attraction, invincible elan or affirmation of
an unpredictable future-to-come (or even as the past to come again), the
experience of the
non-present, of the non-living present in the living present (of the spectral
. . . . I would never say, in speaking of this "power", that it is strong or
weak . . . . For in my view, the universal, quasi-transcendental structure
that I call
messianicity without messianism is not bound up with any particular moment of
(political or general) history or culture (Abrahamic or any other); and it
does not serve any sort of messianism as an alibi, does not mime or reiterate
any sort of
messianism, does not confirm or undermine any sort of messianism.78
48. Yet Benjamin's messianism was not an alibi in the sense that Derrida
means it -- as a capitulation to the specter of (Abrahamic or Marxist or
both) determinism. Quite the opposite. Benjamin's own messianism fell short
of Marx's sense of
"vocation", or "destiny" of the communist individual for whom self-determinati
on is a collective social act.79 Benjamin rejected the party as playing into
the hands of bourgeois culture, while he sought to explode the contradictions
from inside
bourgeois culture.80 He was a dedicated communist committed to class struggle
bourgeois culture.80 He was a dedicated communist committed to class struggle
as the means of transcending the reified bourgeois subject. There is nothing
in Benjamin's role as communist intellectual to suggest any "messianic
power", however weak. He
did not act as a Stirnerian ego deluded about his "freedom". This would have
reproduced in Benjamin the melancholy he found in all theological
(spirit-ridden) transcendence, as against the materialist transcendence which
occurs when knowledge of the
"fully concrete" (i.e. void filled in) and mediated "moment" destroys
bourgeois culture and its economic underpinnings.81
49. The manner of Benjamin's death raises important questions that
cannot be answered here about the role of the detached communist intellectual
compared to the party cadre.82 Derrida implies in Benjamin's rejection of the
"Communist Party" a
tendency towards a "hauntology" of the ghosts of determinism making his
rebellion possible. Benjamin's suicide may have had the appearance of an
authentic undetermined act. But it was the "overdetermined" action of
physically isolated, power-less and
"defeated" communist individual.83 Derrida identifies only with a surface
resonance of Benjamin's "rebellion" and misses the historical and material
conditions that determined his life and death. Derrida would have been a
mortal enemy in Benjamin's
project to rid the world of capitalism and its reified (alienated) subjects.
50. Nevertheless, in flirting with Benjamin, Derrida is trying to
re-appropriate a "spirit" of Marxism, which is much more than David Harvey
claims:
Derrida's resort to something akin to the Leibnezian conceit in his
discussion of self-other relations as he examines how the "European subject"
(an entity that Leibniz was also crucially concerned with) constitutes itself
on the inside through
the construction of the "other" -- the colonial subject. Spivak (1988:294)
approvingly cites Derrida's strategy as follows: "To render thought or the
thinking subject transparent or invisible seems to hide the relentless
recognition of the Other by
assimilation. It is in the interest of such cautions that Derrida does not
invoke 'letting the other(s) speak for himself' but rather invokes an
'appeal' to, or 'call' to the 'quite-other' . . . of 'rendering delirious
that interior voice that is the
voice of the other in us'. The dangers of such a gesture are obvious. If the
only way in which the 'other' can be represented is through 'rendering
delirious' the voices that I have internalised in the process of discovering
myself, then very soon the
myself, then very soon the
identities of 'l'autre c'est moi' become as surely planted as did the thesis
of 'l'estate c'est moi'".84
51. This passage echoes Marx's critique of Stirner forcing the "other"
into his "Procrustean bed". But the point is surely that, for Marx, Leibniz's
philosophy had already been transcended by Hegel who had overcome the false
Kantian dualism and
united objective and subjective realities. The young Hegelians then turned
Hegel "right side up" but retained the mystical kernel in the ahistorical
abstraction of humanity. So it is not Leibniz who becomes the reference point
for Derrida, but rather
Stirner who took the ideal of humanity to the extreme of the "unique"
individual. His subjective idealism rejected all social norms and conventions
as limits on the free ego. For Derrida this represents the lost "spirit" of
the early Marx who made the
mistake of not rejecting his own "haunting", i.e. his own self "reduced" to
social relations of production. Derrida is not interested in the Leibniz
pre-capitalist monad, but the young-Hegelian "self" which Marx "denied". It
is Derrida's insistence
that Marx "denied" his true spirit, which Derrida wants to conjure up and
restore to life that gives Derrida's intervention its political point.
52. I want to suggest that Derrida's intervention in Specters is not a
frontal attack on Western Marxism a la post-modernism in general as Harvey
would suggest. Post-modernism rejects the Enlightenment frame in which
Marxism is also caught.
Derrida accepts that the "humanist" project is what is at stake. He does not
turn his back on the Enlightenment, but picks up on its critique of Hegel's
objective idealism by the Young Hegelians. He wants to restore the "humanist
project" to the free
will of the undetermined ego by denying the alienated bourgeois subject with
its roots in the ontology of labour.
53. Derrida locates the 'free spirit' of Marx in Stirners' defence of
private property, in civil society as an "association of egoists", and in
Stirner's rejection of revolutionary violence as a totalitarian threat to
individual freedom.85 He also
hopes to enlist Benjamin in his reconstruction project. However, as I have
argued, there is nothing in Benjamin that allows him to be reduced to the
idealist "autonomous ego". Moreover, his "idealist residue" is a powerful
stimulus to the rebuilding of
a dialectical Marxism, against Derrida's deconstruction project.86 Thus
Stirner's anarchist idealism is a much more suitable go-between than
Benjamin's "weak messianic power" in the marriage of Marxism and
deconstruction.
54. So far his critics can go. Beyond this point, Derrida wants to
dehistoricise the origins of Marxism via deconstruction as a contemporary
"indirect apologetics" for capitalism. His is a pre-emptive strike to render
Western Marxism even more
harmless than it is, and provide an antidote to any revival of revolutionary
Marxism. Those critics who are part of Western Marxism, and whose method
reflects the idealist split between objective and subjective reality, leave
the proletariat exposed to
Derrida's political purpose. Their critiques remain one-sided critiques of
ideology unless they are capable of uniting the theory and practice in a
revolutionary party.87
55. It is striking that in his reply to his critics in "Marx and Sons"
Derrida makes use of the failure of his Marxist critics to demolish his
surreptitious religion. By this I mean Derrida's celebration of alienation as
performativity, and of
deconstruction as "emptying the void" (i.e. ghost worship). He turns on his
critics, accusing them (Spivak, Eagleton and Ahmad) of defending "Marx the
father's property" as their inheritance.88 "To whom is Marxism supposed to
belong?" he asks. This is
belong?" he asks. This is
the sort of question that can only be asked by one intellectual of another.
No doubt Derrida's answer is that Marxism belongs to those who can
"transform" Marxism according to the "spirit" of Marx. His criticism is that
the "proprietal Marxists" should
leave the patriarchal household. My answer is: Marxism does not "belong" to
anyone, but it is the "ineffaceable mark" of the proletariat for which it is
the promissory note of an historic emancipation. To prove that this is not
some rival messianism
with Marx as the patriarch, it will be necessary to return to the Marx's
method in the German Ideology and to the work of Lukacs and Lenin to counter
Derrida's misappropriation of Marx.
Indirect Apologetics
56. If it is true that Derrida's "turn to Marx" is to subvert a genuine
Marxism, how must he try to do this? In a word he has to render alienation
natural (i.e. universal, ahistorical, nothingness). Because alienation is the
fundamental condition
of living labour dominated by dead labour under capitalist social relations,
real-world Marxism seeks to end alienation through revolutionary practice.
Derrida must abstract from capitalist social relations and naturalise the ego
as an historically
as an historically
indeterminate actor capable of realising its "self" through its authentic
pure actions. To do so he has to engage in some idealist ghost-busting. The
real "specter" of alienated labour separates society from nature. This is
expressed as a split between
labour and its value, between labour-power as use-value and exchange-value.
Thus Derrida must reject the "ghosts" of "labour", "value" and "class".
57. By rejecting the ontology of living labour as the source of
determinate social life Derrida removes at one stroke any objective being as
presence. Next the capital-labour relation is obliterated as "metaphysics".
The historical unity of
production and consumption is broken, and restored only in an alienated ie.
supernatural or idealist form, as the irreducible, pre-social act. This break
in the unity of production and consumption can take many forms, deceptively
different. In one
sense the whole of Western Marxism can be understood as the result of
"freezing" the moments in this unity.89 But there is common metaphysic --
that of the alienated labouring social self. The subject is dominated in
thought by an alien absence (the
determinate "other" of dead labour) which is impossible to recover -- as
fetishised labour, love, or power -- except in an alienated form.
58. In response to his critics Derrida's attempt to claim adherence to
the notion of class is pathetic. "I believe that an interest in what the
concept of class struggle aimed at, an interest in analysing conflicts in
social forces, is still
absolutely indispensable...But I'm not sure that the concept of class, as its
been inherited is the best instrument for those activities, unless it is
considerably differentiated".90 This is a banal Weberian, social democratic,
liberal "Third way"
even, lipservice to class shorn of "inheritance", i.e. social relations,
contradictions, etc.
59. But Derrida is not free indulge in mysticism as a purely ideological
exercise or publicity stunt. He senses that Marxism is not quite "post". The
contradictions of capitalism manifest themselves in mounting political,
social and cultural
crises. In its attempts to overcome the contradiction between use-value and
exchange-value, the market tries to commodify everything, including its own
ideological legitimation, thereby transposing the crisis directly from the
infrastructure to the
superstructure with less and less mediation. As the crisis invades the
"lifeworld", i.e. culture, the ideological expressions become more and more
extreme -- e.g. hyperreality -- echoing Marx's prophetic words about
"idealising phrases, conscious
illusion, deliberate hypocrisy".91
60. This is not just any old anarchy. The impending crisis appears to
Derrida as the return of Marx's ghost. Derrida re-reads the Communist
Manifesto and realises he has to lay the ghost.92 The specter of communism is
still haunting the world. The
specter must be conjured away.93 The academic factory scavenges the corpus of
Marx after the death of "defacto Marxism". To certify the death. "Marx is
dead, communism is dead, very dead, and along with it its hopes, its
discourse, its theories, and
its practices. It says: long live capitalism, long live the market, here's to
the survival of economic and political liberalism!"94 The incantations are
necessary to keep the 10 plagues of the new world disorder at bay.95 But they
will not work because
they cannot identify the ghost. The real ghost has to be faced and a "new
international" or "association of egos" created to conjure away the ghost.
61. Consider Derrida's interesting excursion on the academic
neutralisation (cushioning operation) of Marx.
Why insist on imminence, on urgency and injunction, on all that which in
Why insist on imminence, on urgency and injunction, on all that which in
them does not wait? In order to try to remove what we are going to say from
what risks happening, if we judge by the many signs, to Marx's work today,
which is to say also to
his injunction. What risks happening is that one will try to play Marx off
against Marxism so as to neutralise, or at any rate muffle the political
imperative in the untroubled exegesis of a classified work. One can sense a
coming fashion or
stylishness in this regard in the culture and more precisely in the
university. And what is there to worry about here? Why fear what may also
become a cushioning operation? This recent stereotype would be destined,
whether one wishes it or not, to
depoliticise profoundly the Marxist reference, to do its best, by putting on
a tolerant face, to neutralise a potential force, first of all by enervating
a corpus, by silencing in it the revolt [the return is acceptable provided
that the revolt, which
initially inspired uprising, indignation, insurrection, revolutionary
momentum, does not come back]. People would be ready to accept the return of
Marx or the return to Marx, on the condition that a silence is maintained
about Marx's injunction not
just to decipher but to act and to make the deciphering [the interpretation]
into a transformation that "changes the world". In the name of an old concept
of reading, such an ongoing neutralisation would attempt to conjure away
danger: now that Marx is
dead, and especially now that Marxism seems to be in rapid decomposition,
some people seem to say, we are going to be able to concern ourselves with
Marx without being bothered -- by the Marxists and, why not, by Marx himself,
that is, by a ghost that
goes on speaking. We'll treat him calmly, objectively, without bias:
according to the academic rules, in the University, in the library, in
colloquia! We'll do it systematically, by respecting the norms of
hermeneutical, philological, philosophical
exegesis. If one listens closely, one already hears whispered: "Marx, you
see, was despite everything a philosopher like any other; what is more [and
one can say this now that so many Marxists have fallen silent], he was a
great philosopher who
deserves to figure on the list of those works we assign for study and from
which he has been banned for too long. He doesn't belong to the communists,
to the Marxists, to the parties; he ought to figure within our great canon of
Western political
philosophy. Return to Marx, let's finally read him as a great philosopher."
We have heard this and we will hear it again.
It is something altogether other that I wish to attempt here as I turn
or return to Marx. It is "something other" to the point that I will have
or return to Marx. It is "something other" to the point that I will have
occasion instead, and this will not be only for lack of time and space, to
insist even more on what
commands us today, without delay, to do everything we can so as to avoid the
neutralising anaesthesia of a new theoreticism, and to prevent a
philosophico-philological return to Marx from prevailing. Let us spell things
out, let us insist: to do
everything we can so that it does not prevail, but not to avoid its taking
place, because it remains just as necessary. This will cause me, for the
moment to give priority to the political gesture I am making here, at the
opening of a colloquium, and
to leave more or less in the state of a program and of schematic indications
the work of philosophical exegesis, and all the "scholarship" that this
"position-taking" today, still requires.96
62. Derrida doesn't want to leave Marx as merely an academic commodity.
He knows that is no way to bu(r)y Marx (how many proletarian militants will
pass through the academies of the new millennium?). Rather he wants to
embrace a re-born Marx as a
mass commodity. He wants to honour one spirit out of a number of Marx's
spirits for deconstruction. It is the spirit of rebellion, of the moral
injunction, of individuals to aspire to the pure act of salvation. Derrida
sees that capitalism cannot be
contained inside discourse. Capitalism's contradictions cannot be ignored, so
its apologetics have to be indirect. He needs transcendental signifiers for
mass ecological destruction, genocide, poverty, disease etc. So Derrida buys
Marx cheap, i.e.
after his death and burial.97 He then excavates only the spirit he wants. He
"disappears" those spirits he doesn't want -- the totalising method, the
"dogmatics", the party, the old-fashioned workers international. Then sells
Marx dear as a
emancipatory/religious icon by diminishing Marxism to a utopian
anarcho/socialism, and then packaging it as the "promised land". Derrida's
reduction of the "spirit of Marx" to a "messianic eschatology" and the
"spirit of Marxist critique" is repacked
as the commodity of "radical deconstruction".98 This becomes clear in the
section written in response to the cynics who justifiably ask, "You picked a
good time to Salute Marx".
Which Marxist Spirit, then? It is easy to imagine why we will not please
the Marxists, and still less all the others, by insisting in this way on the
spirit of Marxism, especially if we let it be understood that we intend to
understand spirits in
the plural and in the sense of specters, of untimely specters that one must
not chase away but sort out, critique, keep close by, and allow to come back.
se by, and allow to come back.
And of course, we must never hide from the fact that the principle of
selectivity which will have
to guide and hierarchise among the "spirits" will fatally exclude in its
turn. It will even annihilate, by watching (over) its ancestors rather than
(over) certain others. . .
. . . To continue to take inspiration from Marxism would be to keep
faith with what has always made of Marxism in principle and first of all a
radical critique, namely a procedure ready to undertake self-critique. This
critique wants itself to be
in principle and explicitly open to its own transformation, re-evaluation,
self-reinterpretation. Such a critical "wanting-itself" necessarily takes
root, it is involved in a ground that is not yet critical, even if it is not,
not yet, pre-critical.
This latter spirit is more than a style, even though it is also a style. It
is the heir to a spirit of the Enlightenment, which must not be renounced. We
would distinguish this spirit from other spirits of Marxism, those that rivet
it to the body of
Marxist doctrine, to its supposed systemic, metaphysical, or ontological
totality (notably to its "dialectical method" or to "dialectical
materialism"), to its fundamental concepts of labor, mode of production,
social class, and consequently to the
social class, and consequently to the
whole history of its apparatuses (projected or real: the Internationals of
the labour movement, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the single party,
the State, and finally the totalitarian monstrosity). . . .99
63. That spirit of Marxism that is radical and able to critique itself,
is the spirit that Derrida wants to recover and use today as a radical
deconstruction of the other "spirits of "Marxism" that are not radical in
this sense. To be radical thus
means a constant re-styling of the commodity-Marxism. The "fundamental
concepts" of labour (and labour value?) must go. No doubt they are spirits
that have too much proletarian resonance today in the world of "plagues".
Mode of production is too
metaphysical. It betrays the "spirit" of "dialectical method".100 Social
class and the state as an instrument of class rule? How can a class rule?!
No! says the radical apologist of plague-ridden capitalism -- no class can
rule because class is a
ghost, which cohabits with other ghosts such as labour and value. Such
"spirits" must be "fatally excluded".
To critique, to call for interminable self-critique is still to
distinguish between everything or almost everything. Now there is a spirit of
Marxism, which I will never be ready to renounce, it is not only a critical
idea or the questioning
stance (a consistent deconstruction must insist on them even as it also
learns that this is not the last or first word). It is even more a certain
emancipatory and messianic affirmation, a certain experience of the promise
that one can try to liberate
from any dogmatics and even from any metaphysico-religious determination,
from any messianism. . . .
64. But more than self-criticism (i.e. deconstruction) is the
"emancipatory" promise to liberate one from these ghosts of "determinism",
from a "messianic affirmation" that one can be saved by knowledge and
rational action. Instead there is
nothing but "interminable self-critique" and an irrational messianicity of
individual salvation. Here, Derrida expresses his debt to the earlier
philosophers of self-emancipation from Nietzsche to Heidegger.101 The problem
now however, is to reclaim
Marx, the most damning critic of irrationalism and of its most bizarre
disciple Stirner, as an indirect apologist for irrationalism.
. . . Now, this gesture of fidelity to a certain spirit of Marxism is a
responsibility incumbent in principle, to be sure, on anyone. Barely
deserving the name community, the new International belongs only to
deserving the name community, the new International belongs only to
anonymity. But this responsibility
appears today, at least within the limits of an intellectual and academic
field, to return more imperatively and, let us say so as not to exclude
anyone, by priority, in urgency to those who, during the last decades,
managed to resist a certain
hegemony of the Marxist dogma, indeed of its metaphysics, in its political or
theoretical forms. And still more particularly to those who have insisted on
conceiving and on practicing this resistance without showing any leniency
towards reactionary,
conservative, or neo-conservative, anti-scientific or obscurantist
temptations, to those who, on the contrary have ceaselessly proceeded in a
hyper-critical fashion, I will dare to say in a deconstructive fashion, in
the name of a new Enlightenment for
the century to come. And without renouncing an ideal of democracy and
emancipation, but rather by trying to think it and to put it to work
otherwise. . . .102
65. Derrida thinks his own political credentials for "putting to work"
the "ideal of democracy and emancipation", in a "deconstructive fashion" are
good. He claims that the "end of communist Marxism did not await the recent
collapse of the USSR .
. . all that started at the beginning of the '50s . . . the eschatological
themes of the 'end of history', of the 'end of Marxism', of the 'end of
philosophy', of the 'ends of man', of the 'last man' and so forth were, in
the '50's, that is forty years
ago, our daily bread". Deconstruction, he says, was born out of this
"totalitarian terror" of Stalinism and neo-Stalinism. So deconstruction of
the totalising "philosophical responses" includes Marxism in the name of
"differance". "The originary
performativity that does not conform to pre-existing conventions . . . In the
incoercible differance the here-now unfurls. No differance without alterity,
no alterity without singularity, no singularity without the here-now".103
66. Here Derrida is reproducing the core of Stirner's "unique", the
"freedom" to act in the absence of coercive, totalising, social relations.
Derrida does not see that the individual uncoerced act is not "against"
totalitarianism. Rather it is
the expression of the "unfreedom" of the alienated bourgeois subject. It is
the ghost in the mirror, the ghost on the rampart, the absence separated from
presence. Deconstructed, performativity is the "practice" of the alienated
capitalist individual.
It is "rebellion" as "sentimentality and bragging". Here we have the
"cushioning exercise" which poses the rebel spirit of Marx as his true
spirit, to render the socially determinate as the irreducible "here-now". He
spirit, to render the socially determinate as the irreducible "here-now". He
"sells" the revolution in the name
of the rebellion of the "association of egoists".104
67. Marx anticipates Derrida's "here/now" performativity in his critique
of Stirner's "unique":
Individuals have always and in all circumstances "proceeded from
themselves", but since they were not unique in the sense of not needing any
connections with one another, and since their needs, consequently their
nature, and the method of
satisfying their needs, connected them with one another (relations between
the sexes, exchange division of labour), they had to enter into relations
with one another. Moreover, since they entered into intercourse with one
another not as pure egos, but
as individuals at a definite stage of development of their productive forces
and requirements, and since this intercourse, in its turn, determined
production and needs, it was therefore, precisely the personal, individual
behaviour of individuals,
their behaviour to one another as individuals, that created the existing
relations and daily reproduces them anew.105
The New International
68. What is the meaning of Derrida's "new International" as his answer
to globalisation and its 10 plagues? Derrida invokes, as a counter-conjuration
, a worldwide social movement with no organising features to reform
international law! As an
idealist fix, this is no more than a hollow call for social justice which
joins with Soros and Giddens et al. in appeals to a spontaneous "millenarian"
power of bourgeois citizens to fight "responsibly" for a democratic
capitalism against the
totalitarian spectres of speculative capital, fundamentalist ideas and
totalising dogma.
But without necessarily subscribing to the whole Marxist discourse
(which moreover, is complex, evolving, heterogeneous) on the State and its
appropriation by a dominant class, on the distinction between State power and
State apparatus, on the end
of the political, on "the end of politics", or on the withering away of the
State, and, on the other hand without suspecting the juridical ideas in
itself, one may still find inspiration in the Marxist "spirit" to criticise
the presumed autonomy of the
juridical and to denounce endlessly the de facto take-over of international
authorities by powerful National-states, by concentrations of techno-scientifi
s of techno-scientifi
c capital, symbolic capital, and financial capital, of State capital and
private capital. A "new
international" is being sought through these crises of international law; it
already denounces the limits of a discourse on human rights that will remain
inadequate, sometimes hypocritical, and in any case formalistic and
inconsistent with itself as
long as the law of the market, the "foreign debt", the inequality of
techno-scientific, military, and economic development maintain an effective
inequality as monstrous as that which prevails today, to a greater extent
than ever in the history of
humanity. For it must be cried out, at a time when some have the audacity to
neo-evangelise in the name of the ideal of a liberal democracy that has
finally realised itself as the ideal of human history: never have violence,
inequality, exclusion,
famine, and thus economic oppression affected as many human beings in the
history of the earth and of humanity. Instead of singing the advent of the
ideal of liberal democracy and of the capitalist market in the euphoria of
the end of history, instead
of celebrating the "end of ideologies" and the end of the great emancipatory
discourses, let us never neglect this obvious macroscopic fact, made up of
innumerable singular sites of suffering: no degree of progress allows one to
ignore that never
ignore that never
before, in absolute figures, never have so many men, women, and children been
subjugated, starved, or exterminated on the earth. . . .
69. The concerns of the "new International" are those of liberal
democracy -- poverty, ecological destruction, crimes against humanity -- and
so on -- which are caused by the "de facto takeover of international
authorities" by nation states and
capital. Thus the authority of the law which is being 'taken over' is that
which represents bourgeois right as freedom and equality ie. bourgeois
citizenship rights and civil society. While Soros can talk of the aberration
of finance capital, and
Giddens of fundamentalism against citizenship, Derrida provides the political
philosophy of the hyper-decadent bourgeois ego. Like Stirner in his day
Derrida conjures up a philosophical apology for private property and the
"freedom of labour". And as
with any common liberal it seems that Derrida subscribes to such norms and
conventions of bourgeois society when he defends them against the challenge
of "crimes" and "oppression" of capital. However, in rejecting the method and
theory of Marxism as
"totalitarian", and wishing to renew Marxism as a "weak messianic power",
Derrida is advocating a "new" reformist International that subscribes to an
ideology of distributional social justice posing as "natural" justice. Since
this is the way the
fetishised social relations of capital appear in daily life, there is no
necessity for a "new International" which is organised around a revolutionary
programme.
. . . The "New International" is not only that which is seeking a new
international law through these crimes. It is a link of affinity, suffering,
and hope, a still discreet, almost secret link, as it was around 1848, but
more and more visible, we
have more than one sign of it. It is an untimely link, without status,
without title, and without name, barely public even if it is not clandestine,
without contract, "out of joint", without coordination, without party,
without country, without
national community (International before, across, and beyond any national
determination), without co-citizenship, without common belonging to a class.
The name of the new International is given here to what calls to the
friendship of an alliance
without institution among those who, even if they no longer believe or never
believed in the socialist-Marxist International, in the dictatorship of the
proletariat, in the messiano-eschatological role of the universal union of
the spirits of Marx or
Marxism (they now know that there is more than one) and in order to ally
Marxism (they now know that there is more than one) and in order to ally
themselves, in a new, concrete, and real way, even if this alliance no longer
takes the form of a party or a workers' international, but rather of a kind
of counter-conjuration,
in the (theoretical and practical) critique of the state of international
law, the concepts of State and nation, and so forth: in order to renew this
critique, and especially to radicalise it.106
70. Derrida's new International is nothing like a Marxist international
and more like a Masonic order.107 By basing itself on the ideal to which
capitalism aspires in its fetishised form of equal exchange, he seeks to
render this ideal real for
each individual. The spirit of Marx he has recovered is actually that of
Stirner's "free ego" who is alienated not by society-in-general, but by
capitalist social relations. To express this freedom as a intellectual
critique or a "radicalisation" of
Marxism is a retreat to a subjective idealism in which the bourgeois subject
aspiring to Stirner's "unique" remains trapped in performativity as
consumption of its alienated identity.
71. So in his misappropriation of Marx, Derrida offers the young
idealists of today a brand of anarchism they can consume in the belief that
their actions constitute a rebellion for "democracy" and "emancipation"
against the dehumanising norms and
conventions that alienate them. Just as Stirner's "association of egoists"
was a figment of his "Thought", Derrida's new International has the potential
to divert a new generation of alienated youth into discursive acts against
the symptomatic phrases
rather than the materialist substance of capitalist crisis.
72. In his response to his critics who deride the idea of an
"international" without class he replies:
Whenever I speak of the New International in Specters of Marx,
emphasising that, in it, solidarity or alliance should not depend,
fundamentally and in the final analysis, on class affiliation, this in no
wise signifies, for me, the disappearance
of "classes" or the attenuation of conflicts connected with "class"
differences or oppositions (or, at least, differences or oppositions based on
the new configurations of social forces for which I do in fact believe that
we need new concepts and
therefore, perhaps new names as well) . . . the disappearance of power
relations, or relations of social domination . . . . At issue is, simply,
another dimension of analysis and political commitment, one that cuts across
social differences and
social differences and
oppositions of social forces (what one used to call, simplifying, "classes").
I would not say that such a dimension (for instance, the dimension of social,
national, or international classes, or political struggles within nation
states, problems of
citizenship or nationality, or party strategies, etc.) is superior or
inferior, a primary or a secondary concern, fundamental or not. All that
depends, at every instant, on new assessments of what is urgent in, first and
foremost, singular situations
and of their structural implications. For such an assessment, there is, by
definition, no pre-existing criterion or absolute calculability; analysis
must begin anew every day everywhere, without ever being guaranteed by prior
knowledge. It is on this
condition, on the condition constituted by this injunction, that there is, if
there is, action, decision and political responsibility -- repoliticization.10
8
73. In other words, the term "international" is a mystique. It covers
for a nihilistic cult. Its Marxist meaning is inverted; just as messianicity
is messianism without a given messiah -- because everyone is one's own
messiah. There is no prior
knowledge that can guide any collective action because that pre-anything
(society, religion, etc.) is spectral, is the unfilled "void". There are only
irreducible acts which individuals perform at any given moment by personally
attempting to calculate,
on the spot as it were, which of many "dimensions" or "forces" immediately
concern them, "responsibly" and in the name of "justice" (whose gift?). If
there is one name to apply to this contingent conjunction of "forces" which
tries to "name" the "new"
it is as I have argued above, performativity.109 Moreover, as I set out to
prove, Derrida's performativity is the idealist philosophical license for the
political/social concept of reflexivity as developed by Soros and Giddens to
express their abstract
understanding of the 'structure-agency' problem in the new global economy.110
Teamed-up, as performo-reflexivity, we could not get a better prescription
for "demobilising" and "depoliticising" the masses in the face of the current
world crisis of
capitalism.
Marxist Dialectics
74. Yet as the crisis of "very late" capitalism looms larger it cannot
be contained by such idealist fixes.111 Despite the hype, capitalism that is
in dis-order and dis-equilibrium, and in terror of its own ghosts (this time
the real ghosts of
the real ghosts of
dead labour) is under threat of a materialist re-haunting. The victory of the
more market messianicity is clamped in the jaws of contradiction. The
neo-Hegelian infinite liberal democracy cannot paper over the cracks in the
world economy. The resident
contradiction between use-value and exchange-value asserts itself constantly
in the form of the rejection of Says law that supply creates demand -- that
the market is the best/only historic mechanism to meet the needs of
consumers. Needs are "out of
joint" with profits. There is no "jointure" if consumers have no income with
which to consume to meet their needs/justice. What pure gifts are possible
when poverty cannot be commodified? So how can the Soros/Derrida/Giddens "new
International" of the
"new, new right" be the answer to underconsumption?
75. Underconsumption was the problem that Keynes recognised as the
result of insufficient investment. There was no necessary connection between
demand and supply because capitalists were governed by "animal spirits" which
determined whether or not
they would invest in production to supply demand. Keynes solution was for the
state to take responsibility for productive investment [consumption] when the
capitalists did not. What Keynes failed to recognise was that capitalists'
motivation for
motivation for
investment did not depend upon their atavistic ahistorical "animal spirits",
but the rate of profit.112
76. Keynes was unable to explain why Say's law broke down. Capitalists
only produce to meet demand if they can make a profit. This is not a problem
of under-consumption that can be fixed by boosting consumption, but a problem
of overproduction of
capital that cannot be reinvested profitably. The reason for this is that
consumer needs are not sovereign under capitalism, profits are. In order to
produce capitalists want to make profits and they can only do this if they
can expropriate sufficient
surplus-value during production to be realised as profits. They will not
permit their profits as private property to be socialised by fiat or by
stealth. And while this is the case the messianic Hayek and Co can still
argue for the inherent superiority
of the market. Bourgeois social relations and their legal forms, property
rights, set systemic limits to the possibility of distributional/cultural/lega
l reforms.
77. Hence modern capitalist society is 'reflexive' only to the point
where it generates a spontaneous defensive reflex from the owners of the
'structure' of private property against the 'agency' of the rampant
oppressed. Giddens' attempts to
supplant "productivism" with a "post-scarcity order" will also come up
against this limit.113 Given the need to accumulate capital, capitalists have
to constantly increase the rate of exploitation (expropriation of relative
surplus-value) and to do
this they are driven to increase their investment in constant capital
(machines etc) to increase labour productivity. This is what Marx called
relative surplus value expropriation. This has the effect of super-exploiting
a relatively declining
proportion of workers, and throwing an ever-larger number of workers onto the
industrial scrap-heap. As a result capitalism produces more and more
efficiently with less and less necessary labour time in order to increase
relative surplus value.
78. This creates an obvious problem. Profits begin to fall if the rate
of surplus value does not rise fast enough to keep up with the rising organic
composition (the Tendency for the Rate of Profit to Fall -- TRPF -- which
Marx called the most
important law of political economy). This is the real cause of capitalist
instability and disequilibrium. But in addition to this, and with fatal
consequences for Say's law, proportionately less value is expended on
variable capital (wages) and is
variable capital (wages) and is
available for wage-good consumption. So capitalism digs its own grave by
creating a working class that becomes increasingly impoverished and unable to
consume what it needs without revolutionising the relations of production.114
79. The market therefore cannot be fixed by state intervention to
compensate for this falling demand because it cannot prevent the fundamental
cause of overproduction in the first place. Keynesian demand management,
which involves boosting state
spending and working class consumption, exacerbates the problem of falling
profits because taxes are a drain on profits! The fatal flaw of the market,
(and of all forms of market socialism that are all attempts at state
intervention to suppress the
TRPF) is that it is integrated into the circuit of capital at the point of
exchange. It cannot be cut loose and doctored to transform the circuit of
capital, since in the last analysis the circuit of capital is determined by
production and production
relations.115
80. What does this mean for the ideology of more-market as the "historic
best" at matching supply with demand? It makes all the rhetoric surrounding
the superiority of the market over planning so much hot air. Hayek's
fundamental point that only
the market can coordinate the information necessary to match supply with
demand falls flat when demand falls flat.116 The demand factor is now seen to
be not the result of a natural market-freedom to spend a "factor" income.
Rather demand results from
a socially alienated and historically conditioned residual income, the value
of the wage, in the case of the vast majority of producers, or revenue plus
profit as expropriated value in the case of the tiny minority or exploiters.
But consumption
depends upon production. The production of market mythology will continue,
but its consumption will fall as demand collapses. As the masses are starved
of consumption, the ghosts of alienated labour and the fetishised world-view
will cease to hold them
in thrall. It will no longer be possible for indirect apologetics of Derrida
and Co. to keep up the lie of the (l)awful legitimacy of the market.
81. In the face of the contemporary crisis of capitalist production it
becomes more difficult to maintain the false split in reality between ideal
fixes and material roots. The symptoms collapse in on the cause. The
discourse is exposed as
dis-cause. Crisis theory formerly retracted into discourse without even the
signifiers of the contradiction -- use-value/exchange-value -- explodes back
into consciousness. And despite all his efforts to de-materialise Marx into
to de-materialise Marx into
the idealist Max
Stirner, Derrida cannot suppress this fundamental contradiction of signified
dead labour carried on the backs of living labour coming back to haunt him.
82. In other words there is more to "life" outside discourse than the
"void". And there is more to this "void" than fetishised appearances
(including Derrida's "speeches" to the masses).117 Derrida's recuperation of
Marx stops at exchange
relations. The 10 plagues are but manifestations of capitalist ills that can
be Stirnerised without totalising transformations. But the real predicate
that Stirner fears -- the ghostly contradiction between use-value and
exchange-value -- is in reality
objective. It manifests itself both objectively and subjectively as a
dialectical process that cannot be suppressed by idealist contemplation/interp
retation. And despite their wilful attempts to reject history as dialectics,
and to substitute the
unique ego, both Stirner and Derrida have a place in the division of labour
already set aside for them. It is as bourgeois intellectuals engaged in
indirect apologetics of pre/post-Marxism.118
83. This proves, as Trotsky said, that if we don't "recognise"
dialectics, dialectics nevertheless "recognises" us: "that is, extends its
rtheless "recognises" us: "that is, extends its
sway" over us.119 In the same way that the "visor effect" blocks off the
ghost's identity yet the ghost sees
right through us.120 So in the end, it is dialectics -- finally the
contradiction between use-value and exchange value -- that is the ghost that
haunts capitalism. No amount of tinkering with the system will stop the
capitalist market as a historically
time bound mechanism from collapse (though if the proletariat pushes it will
not fall in on them). The market and the new millenarian hype cannot magic
away the "specter" of Marxism. It cannot be conjured out of existence. The
Dialectic is the ghost's
re-visit. The Spectre of Marx re-materialises Derrida's hauntology.
Millenerianism or Materialism?
84. Today, after more than 200 years of capitalist expansion all over
the world, we face the dawn of another century. Will it herald a conflict
free age of social advancement, or an age of growing social disorder and
international class conflict?
By itself a new century offers no hope to the billions of workers and
peasants whose lives are ruined or destroyed by the ruthless capitalist
market. It will only offer hope, if they can shed all their religious and
superstitious illusions about the
superstitious illusions about the
past and the future, and destroy the social system that denies them hope in
this life. The promise of the new millennium for the masses is not the
re-born Marx of Derrida, but the dialectical method of the German Ideology
and of Lukacs, Lenin and
Trotsky. Only such a real-world Marxism shows them how to root out the causes
of their poverty and misery and to overcome their alienation from themselves
and others and to take the power over production and society in the name of
humanity.
85. I think that Marx was already a materialist dialectician in the
German Ideology.121 Not in spite of, but because of Hegel. This shows up
clearly in his critique of Stirner. The contradiction of the relations and
forces of production was
already at the centre of Marx's method. Unfortunately Western Marxism aping
radical bourgeois ideology split and fetishised the forces or the relations
into a one-sided fatalism or voluntarism. This is the trap of Western Marxism
laid by the petty
bourgeois intellectuals with no life in the class struggle but who want to
(p)reserve an indeterminate cultural space for their own historical
"com-edification". Benjamin was a victim of this failure of dialectics, but
no more than the various
"communist" internationals that failed to apply materialist dialectics and
thus the method of Bolshevism. Within this tradition only Lukacs powerful
analysis of bourgeois irrationalism (that splits subject and object) succeeds
in uniting theory and
practice in the party.122
86. Lenin and Trotsky revived the dialectical method in the form of the
revolutionary party. The contradictory unity of objective and subjective
reality was realised in the revolutionary programme by means of revolutionary
practice. Here we find
bourgeois idealism subjected to the revolutionary critique of practice. The
weapon of critique becomes the critique of weapons. Freedom is not posed as
the fear of necessity expressed as "metaphysics" only to be 'overcome' by the
authentic irrational
acts of isolated individuals. Real freedom is the recognition of necessity.
First, as the theory of the historic social relations which determine social
life and which alienate bourgeois subjects from their labour and from
themselves. Second, as the
practice that allows necessity to be transcended by social revolution.123
87. We do not have to let capitalism destroy the planet. We can take
power, expropriate the expropriators, and collectively plan to create a
better, freer, and equal society called socialism. But to do this we need to
better, freer, and equal society called socialism. But to do this we need to
mobilise and organise the
working class. Not in Derrida's "spirit of Marxism" but against it, taking
stock of Marx's method, recuperating the methods of the Bolsheviks and taking
state power. This is both necessary and possible, since the contradictions of
capitalism make
busting the ghost of alienation and collectivising dead labour the only means
of survival as well as emancipation of living labour.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Notes
1 Derrida, 1999, "Marx and Sons" in Sprinker (ed.) Ghostly Demarcations. This
is an astonishing appeal to the banished universals of psychoanalysis as
motivating his marxist critics.
2 Soros, 1998.
3 Most recently in Giddens, 1998.
4 New Statesman, October 31, 1997. See also the interview with Giddens which
talks about his influence on Blair's New Labour Party and his search for a
term which expresses the essence of the "global, post-traditional, market
society", in The New
Yorker, October 6, 1997.
5 Giddens, 1995:1.
6 The role of bourgeois intellectuals as apologists for capitalism at its
various stages of development is tbe basic premise of Marx and Engels in The
German Ideology, and of Lukac's in The Destruction of Reason. I develop this
theme in this paper.
7 Despite his reputation to the contrary, Derrida is a philosopher with his
own "metavocabulary" (Rorty, 1991:94) and what's more presents himself as the
interpretor of a "real" world (Norris, 1997:106). The only question is: what
is this reality? Here
I argue that it is the fetishised reality of exchange relations. Cf Spivak
(1995) on Derrida's confusion between "commercial" and "industrial" capital.
See Ahmad on Derrida's affinity with the "Third Way".
8 1994:63-64.
9 Ibid xix; 4.
10 Ibid 13.
11 Ibid 13. See Lewis on Derrida's 'metaphysical' and "psychological" method
of interpreting law, international law and nationalism.
12 For example in Sprinker (1999) both Negri and Hamacher argue for
qualitative transformations in capitalism which partially endorse Derrida's
project.
13 1994: 13.
14 I agree with Ahmad (1994) that Derrida's motives for reclaiming Marx are
suspect. Why didn't Derrida challenge the "dogmatics" with his "spirit" of
Marx when it could have mattered? Why mourn the death of Marxism when he
never loved it anyway? And
never loved it anyway? And
why condemn totalitarian Marxism and keep quiet about the right-wing uses of
deconstruction? But I argue that there is more to Derrida's "recouping" of
Marx than a re-branding of deconstruction to distinguish itself from the new
right.
15 Op.cit. 13-14.
16 "In proposing this title, Specters of Marx, I was initially thinking of
all the forms of a certain haunting obsession that seems to me to organise
the dominant influence on discourse today. At a time when the new world
disorder is attempting to
install its neo-capitalism and neo-liberalism, no disavowal has managed to
rid itself of all of Marx's ghosts. Hegemony still organises the repression
and thus the confirmation of a haunting. Haunting belongs to the structure of
every hegemony". (37)
17 But this is only a symptom -- an "appearance" of "times out of joint".
Things need to be "put right" and made "lawful". But "dead labour" (i.e.,
abstract labour that is embodied in the value of commodities) cannot be made
"lawful".
18 Why Derrida? His influence is wider than the academy, as a recent visit to
Australia and New Zealand showed, Derrida drew between 1000 and 2000 at
public lectures and got exposure in the national media. It seems that Derrida
provides a "speculative
philosophical" anti-foundationism which is the necessary premise of "Third
Way" post-marxist and post-modernist politics. Anticipating this, Marx argues
that "speculative history" requires a shift from the mysticism of the
"concept" to the materialism
of the person as "self-consciousness", and to "thinkers", "philosophers" etc.
who represent the "concept" in history, the "ideologists who . . . are
understood as the manufacturers of history, as the "council of guardians", as
the rulers". ( Marx and
Engels,1976:70)
19 I use "dead" labour in the sense of past "living labour" that becomes
"objectified labour", "crystallised" "congealed labour-time" etc. (see Marx,
1976:129-131) now represented as "constant capital", combined with current
"living labour" or
"variable capital" to set in motion the further production of value (Marx,
1981:243-245).
20 Of course the performativity of alienated consumption appears as the
opposite, as the authentic realisation (sovereignty) of the individual who is
opposite, as the authentic realisation (sovereignty) of the individual who is
freed from necessary labour.
21 Marx, 1973:157. Also Marx, 1976:163-177. Money is the highest expression
of alienated labour. On the surface it seems that Derrida understands this.
However, on further inspection, the closest he comes to it is to recognise
that money is the
alienated form of "property" -- not specifically labour value.
22 Derrida is correct to see Fukuyama as presenting a Hegelian "gospel",
which echoes Kojeve, that the US and the EU is "the embodiment of Hegel's
state of universal recognition" (1994:61).
23 Ibid p. 62-65.
24 See Derrida' comments on use-value as ideology and ontology in "Marx and
Sons" (1999). By mystifying use-values, Derrida renders the whole
Hegelian/Marxism bag of tricks of dialectical contradiction non-existent
(haunted).
25 Lukacs defines "indirect apologetics": ". . . Whereas direct apologetics
was at pains to fudge the contradictions in the capitalist system, to refute
them with sophistry and to be rid of them, indirect apologetics proceeded
from these vary
contradictions, acknowledging their existence and their irrefutability as
facts, while nonetheless putting an interpretation on them which helped to
confirm capitalism. Wheras direct apologetics was at pains to depict
capitalism as the best of all
orders, as the last, outstanding peak of mankind's evolution, indirect
apologetics crudely elaborated the bad sides, the atrocities of capitalism,
but explained them as attributes not of capitalism but of all human existence
and existence in general.
From this it necessarily follows that a struggle against these atrocities not
only appears doomed from the start but signifies and absurdity, viz., a
self-dissolution of the essentially human" (1980:202-3). Also: "In the
ethical realm, indirect
apologetics chiefly discredited social action in general, and in particular
any tendency to want to change society. . . . Indirect apologetics in ethics
have the task of steering intellectuals, sometimes rebellious ones, back to
the path of the
bourgeoisie's reactionary development, while preserving all their
intellectual and moral pretentions to a superior ease in this respect
(1980:295).
26 The recent appearance of Sprinker's (1999) "symposium" on Derrida's
26 The recent appearance of Sprinker's (1999) "symposium" on Derrida's
Specters of Marx, is disappointing. Of those contributors who are clearly
critical of Derrida, there is little that is new. Ahmad's promise to devote a
longer reply to Derrida has
yet to appear. Lewis reproduces much of Callincos' critique. Derrida's
response is much more interesting, including as it does Spivak (who does not
appear in Sprinker's book), in his petty and pathetic response in "Marx and
Sons".
27 1995:37.
28 Eagleton, 1986:117.
29 1993:108.
30 Like Max Weber, when push comes to shove, Derrida is a vulgar marginalist.
On Weber see Lukacs, 1980, and Clarke, 1982.
31 1993:119.
32 Cf Ebert who accuses Spivak of "substituting discursive politics" for the
transformation of social relations, 1996:291-293.
33 Derrida, 1994:55. It is clear that Jameson approves of Derrida's concept
of the "messianic" as a realm of "contingency" for the individual
undetermined by social relations etc. I argue below that this is a
consequence of Jameson's adopting of
Mandel's eclectic model of Marxist economics which separates production from
consumption, and more recently Arrighi (1994) who over time separates
speculative capital from production. This primes Jameson to provide a "left
cover" for the post-Marxist
"cultural turn" (1998).
34 1994:108-109.
35 1996: 40.
36 See Jameson, 1991: 3, 35, 53 and especially 400.
37 See Paul Mattick's (1981) critique of Late Capitalism. "Mandel adheres to
two distinct theories of crisis at once: the overaccumulation theory, which
is based on the relations of production, and the overproduction theory, which
is based on the
difficulties of realizing surplus value due to insufficient demand for
consumer goods" (200). That aspect of Mandel's theory which allows increasing
consumption to partially compensate for overproduction, becomes the basis for
his theory of the "Third
Phase" of capitalist development, or "Late Capitalism". Mandel's consumption
theory of crisis is that which is then used by Jameson to account for
post-modernity as the commodification of culture. It is a short step from
this theory to a messianic
theory of cultural resistance as acts of virtuality in the face of consumer
choice.
38 By this I mean that Arrighi separates out the sphere of money circulation
(M-M') from production, not merely in a real time circuit, M-C-M', where
excess money capital which cannot invested profitably results in speculation,
but historically. Each
hegemonic power goes through a period of productive development followed by a
period of financial speculation. This is a retreat from Mandel's position
which conflates crises of overproduction and underconsumption where the
circuit of capital is
potentially arrested at the consumption moment, to a position in which
financial speculation in the sphere of circulation (M-M') creates a crisis
that arrests the circuit of capital. See Robert Polin's (1996) review of The
Long Twentieth Century. As
Polin puts it, "Arrighi never explicitly poses the most basic question about
Polin puts it, "Arrighi never explicitly poses the most basic question about
the M -M ' circuit, which is, where do the profits come from if not from the
production and exchange of commodities?" (115).
39 See Jameson "Culture and Finance Capital" in Jameson, 1998. Note the echo
of this "overaccumulation" of money theory of capitalist crisis in Derrida"s
"epidemic of overproduction", 1994:63.
40 1996:33.
41 1994:10.
42 I see Derrida as following in the tradition of irrationalist philosophy of
which Nietzsche and Heidegger are part. He is idealist in rejecting an
objective reality outside consciousness. His idealism is subjective, as it is
the individual
consciousness rather than some external transcendental consciousness that
gives meaning to being. For an excellent account of the role of Nietzsche and
Heidegger as "indirect apologists" for capitalism against socialism in the
irrationalist tradition,
see Lukacs, 1980.
43 (1974: 25-28).
43 (1974: 25-28).
44 Derrida has no answer to the social causes of injustice. He argues that
"justice" must come not from vengeance as with Hamlet, not from market
exchange, but from pure gifts (presents) in a social "desert". Here Derrida
imagines that redistributive
justice can proceed on the basis of an absence of social content let alone
social relations; otherwise, he says, "justice risks being reduced again to
juridical-moral rules, norms, or representations, within an inevitable
totalizing horizon (movement
of adequate restitution, expiation, or reappropriation" (28). Cf Spivak,
1995: 77.
45 Ibid 28-29. To attribute to Marx such views is quite a feat. It is the
expression of a form of pious utopianism as we have seen. All the more
utopian as the moral injunction to give what one does not have is not
directed to those who can give some
of what they have as charity. Derrida's problem is that he cannot find a way
to achieve justice in the here/now for fear of "evil, expropriation, and
injustice". But why fear what already exists in the historic social relations
of capitalism? Because
for Derrida the fear of the "inevitable totalising horizon" of dogmatic
Marxism is much greater than the actually existing evil of capitalist
expropriation and injustice. Marx did not counterpose the future ideal of the
communist individual as the
answer to capitalism today, but as the real outcome of the collective
knowledge, party organisation, and mateship of a revolutionary alliance to
expropriate and socialise the 'dead labour' of capitalist property.
46 Lukacs, 1980:255.
47 "I on my part start from a presupposition in presupposing myself; but my
presupposition does not struggle for its perfection like 'man struggling for
his perfection', but only serves me to enjoy it and consume it. I consume my
presupposition, and
nothing else, and exist only in consuming it. But that presupposition is
therefore not a presupposition at all: for, as I am the unique, I know
nothing of the duality of a presupposing and presupposed ego (an 'incomplete'
and a 'complete' ego or man);
but this, that I consume myself, means only that I am. I do not presuppose
myself, because I am every moment just positing or creating myself, and am I
only by being not presupposed but posited, and, again, posited only in the
moment when I posit
myself; that is I am the creator and creature" (Stirner, 1995:135).
48 Cf Stirner's "self-determined" ego (Marx and Engels, 1976:308) and
Derrida's notion of the self in Derrida, 1997:16-22 and 1998:304.
49 I use the term "subjective idealism" here in the same sense as Lukacs.
"The dissolution of Hegelianism, before Marx took the decisive step to the
materialist overthrow of Hegelian dialectics, has the peculiarity that the
attempts to break through
the Hegelian barriers engendered a retrograde movement in these questions
objectively. Bruno Bauer, in the effort to develop Hegelian dialectics
further in a revolutionary way, lapsed into the extreme subjective idealism
of a 'philosophy of
self-consciousness'. By thus caricaturing -as the young Marx was already
demonstrating at the time -- the subjectivist aspects of the Phenomenology,
and by reducing Hegel to Fichte, he too eliminated the social and historical
motives from dialectics
and made them far more abstract than they were in Hegel himself; he thus
de-historicised and de-socialised dialectics. This tendency reaches its
climax which tilts over into the absurdly paradoxical with Stirner" (1980:
254-5). Cf Leopold's
introduction to Stirner, 1995.
50 Paterson, 1971: 107.
51 Thomas, 1980; also Patterson, 1971 and Leopold, 1995.
52 Marx and Engels, 1976:142.
53 Ibid, 143.
54 Thomas, 155.
55 Ibid 142.
56 Ibid 147.
57 Marx clearly has a concept of historically specific social relations in
The German Ideology. It arose from his break with the Feuerbach specifically
in response to Stirner's critique of Feuerbach and Marx. "The more the normal
form of intercourse
[social relations] and with it the conditions of the ruling class, develop
their contradiction to the advanced productive forces, and the greater the
consequent discord within the ruling class itself as well as between it and
the class ruled by it, the
more fictitious, of course, becomes the consciousness which originally
usness which originally
corresponded to this form of intercourse (i.e., it ceases to be the
consciousness corresponding to this form of intercourse), and the more to the
old traditional ideas of these
relations of intercourse, in which actual private interests, etc., are
expressed as universal interests, descend the level of mere idealising
phrases, conscious illusion, deliberate hypocrisy. But the more their falsity
is exposed by life, and the less
meaning they have for consciousness itself, the more resolutely are they
asserted, the more hypocritical, moral and holy becomes the language of this
normal society" (Marx and Engels, 1976:310). Also: "That money is a necessary
product of definite
relations of production and intercourse and remains a "truth" so long as
these relations exist -- this, of course is of no concern to a holy man like
Saint Max, who raises his eyes towards heaven and turns his profane backside
to the profane world"
(ibid: 219). Cf Callinicos, 1985: 44-46.
58 Marx and Engels, 1976: 97.
59 Thomas, 146.
60 Derrida, 1994:30.
60 Derrida, 1994:30.
61 1996: 40.
62 Ibid: 38.
63 Ahmed, 1994.
64 Callincos 1991. Cf Trotsky's position that the "degenerate workers'
states" were a contradictory unity of workers property and stalinist state
power which could only be resolved by political revolution or social
counter-revolution (1972). Lewis
(1999) repeats Callinicos' argument in more detail, charging Derrida with
ignorance of "state capitalism". It is beyond the scope of this paper to
further develop the significant differences between these contending
positions. Nevertheless because
Derrida's ignorance of Marxism is most profound on the question of method I
don't think that the state capitalist position can possibly correct it.
65 Compare Marx on Stirner's self-determination as "absence of determination"
(Marx and Engels,1976: 309) and Derrida on the messianic as "opening to the
future or to the coming of the other as the advent of justice". This is a
discursive fantasy where
Derrida imagines a desert preceding "all determinate community, all positive
religion . . . it would link pure singularities prior to any social or
political determination, prior to all intersubjectivity, prior to the
opposition between the sacred and
the profance". Such a link would allow a new respect and tolerance . . .
without this desert in the desert, there would be neither act of faith, nor
promise, nor future, nor expectancy without expectation of death and of the
other, nor relation to the
singularity of the other" (1998:16-22).
66 Callinicos' rejects commodity fetishism on philosophical and political
grounds. Philosophically, he rejects any necessary link between social
relations and consciousness, and specifically a link between exchange
relations and bourgeois ideology.
Thus the whole basis of Marx critique of fetishism which turns relations
between men into relations between things as the source of ideology is
rejected. Politically, Callinicos says that if fetishism is allowed then this
suggests that "capitalism can
reproduce itself indefinitely". Both of these grounds are wrong. By avoiding
Marx's reified individual Callinicos apparently avoids "pessimism". In its
place he puts a groundless, fatalistic "optimism" based on an idealist notion
of spontaneous class
of spontaneous class
consciousness that must lead to workers remaining trapped by fetishised
exchange relations (1985:131). Nor do I think that Eagleton's warnings
against "fetishism" are valid (1986:75). For an excellent discussion of the
importance of Marx's method and
the theory of commodity fetishism in Marxism, see Rubin, 1973. For its
application to the theory of the party see Lukacs, 1970 and 1971.
67 Briefly, the failure of materialist dialectics in Western Marxism results
from the split between objective and subjective reality that can be united
only in the programme of the revolutionary party. Callinicos cannot transcend
this split because his
stance is one of objective idealism in which the working class (rather than
humanity) acts spontaneously, unmediated by the revolutionary unity of theory
and practice in the party which is necessary to penetrate fetishised reality.
On the other hand,
Derrida is attempting to revise Marxism as a left-Hegelian subjective
idealism. In both cases the self-activity of the individual is dehistoricised
either by abstracting from social relations in Derrida's case, or by
abstracting from the alienated
bourgeois subject in Callinicos' case.
68 1986:87.
68 1986:87.
69 1996:87, 1995.
70 Laclau, 1995; Critchley, 1995.
71 1995:95.
72 1999:9 There are strong echoes here of Jameson's endorsement of "weak
messianism".
73 1980:404, 411.
74 1996:40-41 n.7.
75 See Callinicos' discussion in 1987: ch. 5.
76 See Marx on Stirner: "The unity of sentimentality and bragging is
rebellion" (Marx and Engels, 1976:318) and "By rebellion we make a leap into
the new, egotistical world" (ibid: 399). Compare Benjamin who sought to
eliminate the "autonomous
individual" of bourgeois culture and replace him/her with the critical
intellectual who used dialectial materialism to destroy capitalism by means
of critique which could explode the contradiction in the commodity at its
point of highest tension -- the
dialectical image (Pensky, 1993; Lowy, 1996; Wohlfarth, 1996).
77 1999:248-9.
78 1999:253-4.
79 "For Saint Sancho however, self-determination does not even consist in
will, but in indifference to any kind of determinateness...if Saint Sancho
saves himself from determination by his leap into absence of determination .
. . then the practical,
moral content of the whole trick . . . is merely an apology for the vocation
forced on every individual in the world as it has existed so far. If, for
example, the workers assert in their communist propaganda that the vocation,
designation, task of
every person is to achieve all-round development of all his abilities,
including . . . the ability to think, Saint Sancho sees in this only the
vocation to something alien, the assertion of the "holy". He seeks to free
them from this by defending the
individual who had been crippled by the division of labour at the expense of
his abilities and relegated to a one-sided vocation against his own need to
his abilities and relegated to a one-sided vocation against his own need to
become different. . . . The all-rounded realisation of the individual will
only cease to be
conceived as an ideal, a vocation, etc., when the impact of the world which
stimulates the real development of the abilities of the individual is under
the control of the individuals themselves, as the communists desire" (Marx
and Engels,1976:308-309
also 463). I would argue that this projected communist individual is the
unity of theory and practice, which theoretically is foreshadowed in the
party cadre of the Communist Party (Bolshevik).
80 Benjamin's "marxism" had an idealist residue. This could be seen to result
from his efforts to escape the crude (vulgar marxist) determinism of
Stalinism, and his own personal isolation and intellectual standpoint. On
Adorno's and Brecht's views on
Benjamin see Broderson, 1996: 233-239.
81 Pensky, 1993:211-239.
82 Benjamin's rejection of the "party" was probably more the effect of his
isolation from the working class, than a cause of it. There is obviously no
direct relationship between actual historic party membership and the
incipient 'communist' individual
Marx projects in the Germany Ideology. First, after 1924 the actually
existing party was Stalinist and repressed or even murdered its dissidents.
This meant that the "Left opposition" had few mass roots that could have
sustained a "collective"
proleterian culture. It would be interesting to compare the long-term legacy
of Benjamin with his younger brother Georg who joined the party in 1923 and
died in a concentration camp in 1942 (Broderson, 1996: 208).
83 See Broderson (1996:261) for an account that shows that Benjamin was but
one of countless victims of fascism. His decision to kill himself in Port Bou
on the French/Spanish border rather than be returned to Vichy France and to a
concentration camp,
followed frantic but futile phone calls to the US Consulate in Barcelona, and
tragically occurred during a short period of one day when the Spanish
authorities refused entry.
84 1996:70-72.
85 Thomas,1980:142.
86 Specifically Benjamin's uncompromising attitude towards the "independence"
of cultural history which for him is reduced to the history of class
reduced to the history of class
struggle! What about some Benjamin studies in place of "cultural studies"?
(See Wohlfarth 1996.)
87 Following Marx, Lenin, Lukacs and Trotsky, my view of materialist
dialectics is that it unites objective and subjective reality in the unity of
theory and practice of communists. Since Lenin this formulation has been
expressed as the unity of theory
and practice in the organisation and programme of a democratic centralist
party. Intellectual critiques of Derrida's deconstruction do not unite theory
with practice unless they are translated into a revolutionary programme and
put into effect by a
revolutionary party as the "proletarian scientist". Specifically, Derrida's
politics would favour an individual contract between a worker and a boss.
Since all work is "here/now" this contract should be very flexible. From a
materialist dialectical
standpoint, the revolutionary party would attempt to sign up individual
workers to collective contracts that are enforceable by collective action
such as the closed shop. In the process workers would be educated by the
experience of winning more
favourable conditions, exposing the "performativity" of the isolated worker
as one determined by exploitative social relations rather than the
"affirmation of the other".
"affirmation of the other".
88 1999:231.
89 This breaking of the unity is an attempt by the petty bourgeios
intelligentsia to "incorporate" the "servicable" parts of Marxism and
"purify" the rest. Thus separating the exchange moment reduces exploitation
to unequal exchange the province of the
trade union bureaucray; freezing the distributional moment reduces
exploitation to power relations and the maldistribution of wealth which can
be reformed by parliament. . . . Freezing the consumption moment, reduces the
notion of exploitation to
individual errors of choice and hence to caveat emptor.
90 Derrida, 1999:237.
91 Marx and Engels, 1976:310.
92 Cf Ebert, 1996.
93 1994:40.
94 Ibid:52.
94 Ibid:52.
95 Ibid:81.
96 Ibid:31-32.
97 Just as in the 1890's Max Weber borrowed from Marx in order to suborn him
(Clarke, 1982) so in the 1990's Derrida repays his debt to Marx by "buying
him cheap and selling him dear". Marx rejects the analysis of capitalism
based on exchange-relations
where profits "apparently" derive from "buying cheap and selling dear".
Similarly, I reject Derrida's re-appropriation of Marx as similarly
superficial because he "profits" from the "appearance" that Marx stands for
distributional social justice rather
than the revolutionary "essence" which is the socialisation of the means of
production to produce use-values to meet needs.
98 Ibid: 59; 68. Rorty picks up on this when he says that Derrida "betrays
his own project" by offering a view which is not totally devoid of "all
dialectics, all theology, all teleology, all ontology" (1991:92-91). Rorty
obviously sees Derrida as
genuinely keeping alive some of the misconceived totalising spirits of Marx.
He accuses Derrida of offering a "new metavocabulary which claims superior
status" (1991:94).
99 1994:88-89.
100 1994:68.
101 See Lukacs, 1980. Specifically on post-1945 irrationalism (765-853).
102 1994:87-90.
103 Ibid 14, 14, 30. See also more recent statements along the sames lines in
Derrida 1997 and 1998.
104 Stirner's ego is an idealist essence because it abstracts from social
relations and inserts a concept of the free ego. The "association of egos" is
therefore meaningless. As Marx says of Stirners rebellion: "The difference
between revolution and
Stirner's rebellion is not, as Stirner thinks, that the one is a political
and social act while the other is an egoistical act, but that the former is
an act while the latter is no act at all. The whole senselessness of the
antithesis that Stirner puts
forward is evident at once from the fact that he speaks of "the Revolution"
forward is evident at once from the fact that he speaks of "the Revolution"
as a juridical person, which has to fight against "what exists", another
juridical person" (ibid: 400).
105 Marx continues: "They entered into intercourse with one another as what
they were, they proceeded "from themselves", as they were, irrespective of
their "outlook on life". This "outlook on life" -- even the warped one of the
philosophers -- could,
of course, only be determined by their actual life. Hence it certainly
follows that the development of an individual is determined by the
development of all the others with whom [s]he is directly or indirectly
associated, and that the different
generations of individuals entering into relation with one another are
connected with one another, that the physical existence of the later
generations is determined by that of their predecessors, and that these later
generations inherit the productive
forces and forms of intercourse [productive relations] accumulated by their
predecessors, their own mutual relations being determined thereby. In short,
it is clear that development takes place and that the history of a single
individual cannot
possibly be separated from the history of preceding or contemporary
individuals, but is determined by this history" (1976:463).
106 1994: 85-86.
107 Ahmad, 1994:103.
108 1999:241-2.
109 See Hamacher's (1999) sympathetic interpretation of this point. It is not
too difficult to see that Derrida's notion of performativity is the (post)
modern version of the existential, irrational subject. See Lukacs on the "Ash
Wednesday of
Parasitical Subjectivism" (1980: 489 passim).
110 See Soros, 1998: 6-27, and Giddens, 1995.
111 Crisis is understood here following Mattick, 1981.
112 Pilling, 1986.
113 Giddens, 1995:247.
114 Marx and Engels, 1962: 43-45.
115 Marx, 1973:99.
116 Hayek, 1935.
117 Despite his disclaimers and attempts to purge filiation, fraternity,
paternity etc of the authority of the pre-existing everything (history), it
seems to me that the logic of Derrida's whole method is that of the
priest/demagogue/saviour who speaks
to the masses of the religion of pure egoism as personal salvation -- his
message? "faith, hope, charity". . .
118 On this point see Deb Kelsh (1998).
119 Trotsky, 1971:62.
120 Derrida, 1994:7
121 Cf. Callinicos' view that Marx confuses technical and social relations in
The German Ideology (1985:131).
122 Here I follow Lukacs' brilliant exposition of the Communist (i.e.
Bolshevik) Party as the "conscious" vanguard of the proletariat. I cite only
one passage: "The pre-eminently practical nature of the Communist Party, the
fact that it is a fighting
party presupposes its possession of a correct theory, for otherwise the
consequences of a false theory would soon destroy it. Moreover, it is a form
of organisation that produces and reproduces correct theoretical insights by
consciously ensuring that
the organisation has built into it ways of adapting with increase sensitivity
to the effects of a theoretical posture. Thus the ability to act, the faculty
of self-criticism, of self-correction and of theoretical development all
co-exist in a state of
constant interaction. The Communist Party does not function as a stand-in for
the proletariat even in theory. If the class consciousness of the proletariat
viewed as a function of the thought and action of the class as a whole is
something organic and
in a state of constant flux, then this must be reflected in the organised
form of that class consciousness, namely in the Communist Party. . . . Thus
in the theory of the party the process, the dialectic of class consciousness
becomes a dialectic that
is consciously deployed" (1971:327-8).
123 E.g. Lukacs, 1970, 1971; Lenin, 1976; Trotsky, 1975.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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