Philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: songs (小松), 信区: Philosophy
标 题: 哈贝马斯简介
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年06月08日11:40:32 星期五), 站内信件
Jurgen Habermas
On Society and Politics
Jurgen Habermas represents the second wave of Critical Theory. He was not a
contemporary of the other members of the Frankfurt school However, he is inc
luded in the school of thought because his work continues the critique that
the others began. Habermas has written more, and added more to Marxist theor
y that all the other members of the Frankfurt school. In his work Towards Re
constructing Historical Materialism, Habermas laid out his primary differenc
es with Marx.
Habermas’s primary difficulty with society is that in modern society human
beings lack freedom. His primary difficulty with Marxism is that it fails to
consider the scope of this lack of freedom. According to Habermas, Marx lea
ves out the human element. Marx assessment of human evolution as just an eco
nomic progression is far too narrow for Habermas. Jurgen asserts that it is
societies that evolve economically, instead of the species, he goes on to sa
y that Historical Materialism assumes a learning process. For Habermas, this
process becomes a dynamic element in the move from one epoch to another. Wh
ere Marx supposed the move to be linear (one step at a time in a straight li
ne), and deterministic, (with a known end), Habermas said it was unpredictab
le.
Habermas almost completely eliminated the notions of revolution and class st
ruggle from the theory. Instead of these, he introduces the concept of crisi
s. The crisis is that modern society is not meeting individual needs and tha
t institutions in society are manipulating individuals. People interact to r
espond to this crisis and Habermas calls this interaction Communicative Acti
on. Habermas adapted Horkheimer’s definition of reason as rationality, then
, combines it with the relation based activities that results when humans ag
ree. Communicative action, it is the one type of action, that Habermas says
uses all human ways of thinking, and language. This combination allows human
beings to understand and agree with one another, to make plans for common a
ction. This coming together and agreeing; communicative action, takes the pl
ace of revolution as mode of change. According to Habermas the move from Cap
italism to Communism, (if it occurs), will occur as a result of reason and c
ommunicative action.
Habermas adds the methodology of psychology and linguistics to his critique,
and attempts to move the analysis of Marxism to Social Scientific inquiry.
As far a solution, Habermas’s approach offers the process of Communicative
Action as the solution. He implies that implementing his theory, and analyzi
ng it will address the ills created by modern society. On the whole, Haberma
s’s contribution to the Frankfurt school is significant to say the least. I
t will undoubtedly be revisited as the philosophical conversation continues.
--
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: riee2.hit.edu.cn]
※ 修改:·wildwolf 於 06月09日08:34:37 修改本文·[FROM: as.hit.edu.cn]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:2.583毫秒