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Walt Whitman
Born on May 31, 1819 , Walt Whitman was the second son
of Walter Whitman, a housebuilder , and Louisa Van Velsor.
The family , which consisted of nine children , lived in Brooklyn
and Long Island in the 1820s and 1830s. At the age of twelve
Whitman began to learn the printer ‘s trade , and fell in
love with the written word. Largely self-taught, he read voraciously
, becoming acquainted with the works of Homer, Dante, Shakespeare
, and the Bible. Whitman worked as a printer in New York City
until a devastating fire in the printing district demolished
the industry. In 1836, at the age of 17 , he began his career
as teacher in the one-room school houses of Long Island. He
continued to teach until 1841, when he turned to journalism
as a full-time career. He founded a weekly newspaper , Long-Islander
, and later edited a number of Brooklyn and New York papers.
In 1848, Whitman left the Brooklyn Daily Eagle to become editor
of the New Orleans Crescent. It was in New Orleans that he experienced
at first hand the viciousness of slavery in the slave markets
of that city.
On his return to Brooklyn in the fall of 1848 , he founded
a “free soil ” newspaper, the Brooklyn Freeman , and continued
to develop the unique style of poetry that later so astonished
Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1855 , Whitman took out a copyright
on the first edition of Leaves of Grass, which consisted of
twelve untitled poems and a preface. He published the volume
himself, and sent a copy to Emerson in July of 1855. Whitman
released a second edition of the book in 1856, containing thirty-three
poems, a letter from Emerson praising the first edition ,
and a long open letter by Whitman in response. During his subsequent
career , Whitman continued to refine the volume , publishing
several more editions of the book.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Whitman vowed to live
a “purged” and “cleansed” life. He wrote freelance journalism
and visited the wounded at New York-area hospitals. He then
traveled to Washington , D.C. in December 1862 to care for
his brother who had been wounded in the war. Overcome by the
suffering of the many wounded in Washington, Whitman decided
to stay and work in the hospitals. Whitman stayed in the city
for eleven years. He took a job as a clerk for the Department
of the Interior, which ended when the Secretary of the Interior
, James Harlan , discovered that Whitman was the author of
Leaves of Grass, which Harlan found offensive. Harlan fired
the poet.
Whitman struggled to support himself through most of his
life. In Washington he lived on a clerk‘s salary and modest
royalties, and spent any excess money , including gifts from
friends, to buy supplies for the patients he nursed. He had
also been sending money to his widowed mother and an invalid
brother. From time to time writers both in the states and in
England sent him “purses” of money so that he could get by.
In the early 1870s, Whitman settled in Camden, where he
had come to visit his dying mother at his brother‘s house.
However, after suffering a stroke , Whitman found it impossible
to return to Washington. He stayed with his brother until the
1882 publication of Leaves of Grass gave Whitman enough money
to buy a home in Camden. In the simple two-story clapboard house
, Whitman spent his declining years working on additions and
revisions to a new edition of the book and preparing his final
volume of poems and prose, Good-Bye , My Fancy (1891)。
After his death on March 26, 1892 ,Whitman was buried in a
tomb he designed and had built on a lot in Harleigh Cemetery.
——
A Selected Bibliography
Poetry
Leaves of Grass , first edition, 1855
Leaves of Grass, second edition , 1856
Leaves of Grass, third edition, 1860
Drum Taps , 1865
Sequel to Drum Taps, 1865
Leaves of Grass, fourth edition, 1867
Leaves of Grass, fifth edition, 1870
Passage to India , 1870
Leaves of Grass, centennial edition , 1876
Leaves of Grass , sixth edition, 1881
Leaves of Grass, “deathbed” edition, 1891
Good-Bye , My Fancy , 1891
Prose
Franklin Evans; or , The Inebriate, 1842
Democratic Vistas, 1871
Memoranda During the War , 1875
Specimen Days and Collect, 1881
November Boughs, 1888
Complete Prose Works , 1892
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