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发信人: Christy (风中的绿叶), 信区: Reading
标 题: Introduction II(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年11月29日23:30:10 星期四), 站内信件
【 以下文字转载自 Philosophy 讨论区 】
【 原文由 Christy 所发表 】
Truth and Knowledge
Introduction
The object of the following discussion is to analyze the act of cognition an
d reduce it to its fundamental elements, in order to enable us to formulate
the problem of knowledge correctly and to indicate a way to its solution. Th
e discussion shows, through critical analysis, that no theory of knowledge b
ased on Kant's line of thought can lead to a solution of the problems involv
ed. However, it must be acknowledged that Volkelt's work, with its thorough
examination of the concept of “experience” provided a foundation without w
hich my attempt to define precisely the concept of the “given” would have
been very much more difficult. It is hoped in this essay to lay a foundation
for overcoming the subjectivism inherent in all theories of knowledge based
on Kant's philosophy. Indeed, I believe I have achieved this by showing tha
t the subjective form in which the picture of the world presents itself to u
s in the act of cognition, prior to any scientific explanation of it, is mer
ely a necessary transitional stage which is overcome in the very process of
knowledge. In fact the experience which positivism and neo-Kantianism advanc
e as the one and only certainty is just the most subjective one of all. By s
howing this, the foundation is also laid for objective idealism, which is a
necessary consequence of a properly understood theory of knowledge. This obj
ective idealism differs from Hegel's metaphysical, absolute idealism, in tha
t it seeks the reason for the division of reality into given existence and c
oncept in the cognizing subject itself; and holds that this division is reso
lved, not in an objective world-dialectic but in the subjective process of c
ognition. I have already advanced this viewpoint in An Outline of a Theory o
f Knowledge, 1885, but my method of inquiry was a different one, nor did I a
nalyze the basic elements in the act of cognition as will be done here.
A list of the more recent literary works which are relevant is given below.
It includes not only those works which have a direct bearing on this essay,
but also all those which deal with related problems. No specific reference i
s made to the works of the earlier classical philosophers.
The following are concerned with the theory of cognition in general:
R. Avenarius, Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemass dem
Prinzip des kleinsten Kraftsmasses, usw., (Philosophy as World-Thinking Acco
rding to the Principle of the Smallest Energy-Mass, etc.) Leipzig, 1876.
Kritik, der reinen Erfahrung (Criticism of Pure Experience), Vol. I, Leipzig
, 1888.
J. F. A. Bahnsen, Der Widerspruch im Wissen und Wesen der Welt, (The Contrad
ictions in Knowledge and Essense of the World) Vol. I, Leipzig, 1882.
J. Baumann, Philosophie als Orientierung uber die Welt (Philosophy as Orient
ation about the World) Leipzig, 1872.
J. S. Beck, Einzig moglicher Standpunkt, aus welchem die kritische Philosoph
ie beurteilt werden muss (The Only Correct Point of View from which Critical
Philosophy Should be Judged) Riga, 1796.
Friedrich Ed. Benecke, System der Metaphysik und Religionsphilosophie, usw.,
(System of Metaphysics and Philosophy of Religion) Berlin, 1839.
Julius Bergmann, Sein und Erkennen, usw., (Existence and Cognition, etc.) Be
rlin, 1880.
A. E. Biedermann, Christliche Dogmatik (Christian Dogmatics), 2nd Edition, B
erlin, 1884-5, Vol. I, pp. 51-173.
H. Cohen, Kants Theorie der Erfahrung (Kant's Theory of Experience) Berlin,
1871.
P. Deussen, Die Elemente der Metaphysik (The Elements of Metaphysics), 2nd E
dition, Leipzig, 1890.
W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften, usw., (Introduction to
the Spiritual Sciences, etc.) Leipzig, 1883. — Especially the introductory
chapters dealing with the interrelation of the theory of cognition and the o
ther sciences. — Further references in works by the same author:
Beitrage zur Losung der Frage von Ursprung unseres Glaubens an die Realitat
der Aussenwelt und seinem Recht; Sitzungsberichte der Kgl. Preuss. Akademic
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Contributions to the Solution of Our Belief in
the Reality of the Outer World and its Justification. Reports of Meetings o
f the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin), Berlin, 1890, p. 977.
A. Dorner, Das menschliche Erkennen usw., (Human Cognition) Berlin, 1887.
E. Dreher, Ueber Wahrnehmung und Denken (On Perception and Thinking), Berlin
, 1878.
G. Engel, Sein und Denken, (Existence and Thinking) Berlin, 1889.
W. Enoch, Der Begriff der Wahrnehmung (The Concept of Perception), Hamburg,
1890.
B. Erdmann, Kants Kriticismus in der esten und zweiten Auflage seiner Kritik
der reinen Vernunft, (Kant's Criticism in the First and Second Editions of
his Critique of Pure Reason) Leipzig, 1878.
F. v. Feldegg, Das Gefuhl als Fundament der Weltordnung (Feeling as Fundamen
t of Universal Order),
Vienna, 1890.
E. L. Fischer, Die Grundfragen der Erkenntnistheorie (The Basic Questions of
the Theory of Cognition), Mainz, 1887
K. Fischer, System der Logik und Metaphysik oder Wissenschaftslehre (System
of Logic and Metaphysics, or Scientific Theory), 2nd Edition, Heidelberg, 18
65.
Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (History of More Recent Philosophy), Mann
heim, 1860, especially the parts concerning Kant.
A. Ganser, Die Wahrheit, (Truth), Graz, 1890.
C. Goring, System der kritischen Philosophie, (System of Critical Philosophy
), Leipzig, 1874.
Ueber den Begriff der Erfahrung (On the Concept of Experience), In Verteilja
hrsschrift fur wissenschaftliche Philosophie (Quarterly for Scientific Philo
sophy), Leipzig, 1st Year, 1877, p. 384.
E. Grimm, Zur Geschichte des Erkenntnisproblems, usw., (Contribution to the
History of the Theory of Cognition). Leipzig, 1890.
F. Grung, Das Problem der Gewissheit, (The Problem of Certainty), Heidelberg
, 1886.
R. Hamerling, Die Atomistik des Willens, (The Atomic Theory of Will), Hambur
g, 1891.
F. Harms, Die Philosophie seit Kant (Philosophy through Kant), Berlin, 1876.
E. v. Hartmann, Kritische Grundlegung des transzendentalen Realismus (Critic
al Establishment of transcendental Realism), 2nd Edition Berlin, 1875.
J. H. v. Kirchmanns erkenntnistheoretischer Realismus, (J. H. v. Kirchmann's
Cognitional-Theoretical Realism), Berlin, 1875.
Das Grundproblem der Erkenntnistheorie, usw., (The Fundamental Problem of a
Theory of Cognition), Leipzig, 889.
Kritische Wanderungen durch die Philosophie der Gegenwart, (Critical Survey
of Contemporary Philosophy), Leipzig, 1889.
H. L. F. v. Helmholtz, Die Tatsachen in der Wahrnehmung. (The Facts of Perce
ption), Berlin, 1879.
G. Heymans, Die Gesetze und Elemente des wissenschaftlichen Denkens (The Law
s and Elements of Scientific Thinking), Leyden, 1890.
A. Holder, Darstellung der Kantischen Erkenntnistheorie (A Presentation of K
ant's Theory of Cognition), Tubingen, 1874.
A. Horwicz, Analyse des Denkens, usw., (Analysis of Thinking), Halle, 1875.
F. H. Jacobi, David Hume uber den Glauben oder Idealismus und Realismus, (Da
vid Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism), Breslau, 1787.
M. Kappes, Der “Common Sense” als Prinzip der Gewissheit in der Philosophi
e des Schotten Thomas Reid (“Common Sense” as Principle of Certainty in th
e Philosophy of the Scotsman, Thomas Reid), Munich, 1890.
M. Kauffmann, Fundamente der Erkenntnistheorie und Wissenschaftslehre (Found
ations of a Theory of Cognition and Scientific Theory), Leipzig, 1890.
B. Kerry, System einer Theorie der Grenzgebiete (System of a Theory of Borde
r-Areas), Vienna, 1890.
J. H. v. Kirchmann, Die Lehre vom Wissen als Einleitung in das Studium philo
sophischer Werke (The Theory of Knowledge as Introduction to the Study of Ph
ilosophical Works), Berlin, 1868.
E. Laas, Die Kausalitat des Ich (The Causality of the I), Vierteljahrsschrif
t fur wissenschaftliche Philosophie (Quarterly for Scientific Philosophy), L
eipzig, 4th Year, 1880, p. ff., 185ff.,311ff.
Idealismus und Positivismus (Idealism and Positivism), Berlin, 1879.
F. A. Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus (History of Materialism), Iserlohn
, 1873-75.
A. v. Leclair, Beitrage zu einer monistischen Erkenntnistheorie (Studies for
a Monistic Theory of Cognition), Breslau, 1882.
Das kategorische Geprage des Denkens (The Categorical Mark of Thinking) Vier
teljahrsschrift fur wissenschaftliche Philosophie (Quarterly for Scientific
Philosophy), Leipzig, 7th Year, 1883, p. 257 ff.
O. Liebmann, Kant und die Epigonen, (Kant and the Epigones) Stuttgart, 1865.
Zur Analysis der Wirklichkeit (Contribution to the Analysis of Reality), Str
assburg, 1880.
Gedanken und Tatsachen (Thoughts and Facts), Strassburg, 1882.
Die Klimax der Theorien (The Climax of the Theories), Strassburg, 1884.
Th. Lipps, Grundtatsachen des Seelenlebens, (The Fundamental Facts of Soul L
ife) Bonn, 1883.
H. R. Lotze, System der Philosophie, I Teil: Logik (System of Philosophy, Pa
rt I: Logic), Leipzig, 1874.
J. V. Mayer, Vom Erkennen (Concerning Cognition), Freiburg i. Br., 1885.
A. Meinong, Hume-Studien (Essays on Hume), Vienna, 1877.
J. St. Mill, System der induktiven und deduktiven Logik (System of Inductive
and Deductive Logic), 1843; German translation, Braunschweig, 1849.
W Muntz, Die Grundlagen der Kantschen Erkenntnistheorie (Foundation of Kant'
s Theory of Knowledge), 2nd Edition, Breslau, 1885.
G. Neudecker, Das Grundproblem der Erkenntnistheorie (Fundamental Problem of
the Theory of Cognition), Nordlingen, 1881.
F. Paulsen, Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Kantschen Erkenntnisthe
orie (Study on the History of the Development of the Kantian Theory of Cogni
tion), Leipzig, 1875.
J. Rehmke, Die Welt als Wahrnehmung und Begriff, usw., (The World as Percept
and Concept, etc.), Berlin, 1880.
Th. Reid, Untersuchungen uber den menschlichen Geist nach Prinzipien des ges
unden Menschenverstandes (Inquiry into the Human Mind for the Principles of
Common Sense), 1764; German translation, Leipzig, 1782.
A. Riehl, Der philosophische Kritizismus und seine Bedeutung fur die positiv
e Wissenschaft (Philosophical Criticism and its Importance for Positive Scie
nce), Leipzig, 1887.
J. Rulf, Wissenschaft des Weltgedankens und der Gedankenwelt, System einer n
euen Metaphysik (Science of World-Thought and Thought-World, A System of a N
ew Metaphysics), Leipzig, 1888.
R. v. Schubert-Soldern, Gund lagen einer Erkenntnistheorie (Fundamentals of
a Theory of Cognition), Leipzig, 1884.
G. E. Schulze, Aenesidemus, Helmstadt, 1792.
W. Schuppe, Zur voraussetzungslosen Erkenntnistheorie (Contribution to a The
ory of Cognition Free of Presuppositions), Philosophische Monatschefte (Phil
osophical Monthly), Berlin, Leipzig, Heidelberg, 1882, Vol. XVIII, Nos. 6 an
d 7.
Rud. Seydel, Logik oder Wissenschaft vom Wissen (Logic, or the Science of Kn
owledge), Leipzig, 1866.
Christoph v. Sigwart, Logik (Logic), Freiburg i. Br., 1878.
A. Stadler, Die Grundsatze der reinen Erkenntnistheorie in der Kantischen Ph
ilosophie (The Principles of the Pure Theory of Cognition in the Philosophy
of Kant), Leipzig, 1876.
H. Taine, De l'lntelligence, 5th Edition, Paris, 1888.
A. Trendelenburg, Logische Untersuchungen (Logical Researches), Leipzig, 186
2.
F. Ueberweg, System der Logik (System of Logic), 3rd Edition, Bonn, 1882.
H. Vaihinger, Hartmann, Duhring, Lange, Iserlohn, 1876.
Th. Varnbuhler, Widerlegung der Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Refutation of th
e Critique of Pure Reason), Leipzig, 1890.
J. Volkelt, Immanuel Kants Erkenntnistheorie, usw., (Immanuel Kant's Theory
of Cognition, etc.), Hamburg, 1879.
— Erfahrung und Denken (Experience and Thinking), Hamburg, 1886.
Richard Wahle, Gehirn und Bewusstsein (Brain and Consciousness), Vienna, 188
4.
W. Windelband, Praluden (Preludes), Freiburg i. Br., 1884. Die verschiedenen
Phasen der Kantschen Lehre vom “Ding an sich” (The Various Phases of Kant
's Theory of the “Thing-in-Itself” Vierteljahrsschrift fur wissenschaftlic
he Philosophie (Quarterly for Scientific Philosophy), Leipzig, Ist Year (187
7), p. 229 ff.
J. H. Witte, Beitrage zur Verstandnis Kants (Contirbutions to the Understand
ing of Kant), Berlin, 1874. Vorstudien zur Erkenntnis des unerfahrbaren Sein
s (Preliminary Studies for the Cognition of Non-Experienceable Existence), B
onn, 1876.
H. Wolff, Ueber den Zusammenhang unserer Vorstellungen mit Dingen ausser uns
(On the Correlation of our Perceptions with Things Outside Ourselves), Leip
zig, 1874.
Joh. Wolff, Das Bewusstsein und sein Objekt (Consciousness and its Object),
Berlin, 1889.
W. Wundt, Logik (Logic), Vol. I: Erkenntnislehre (Theory of Cognition), Stut
tgart, 1880.
The following titles related to Fichte:
F. C. Biedermann, De Genetica philosophandi ratione et methodo, praesertim F
ichtii, Schellingii, Hegelii, Dissertationis particula prima, syntheticam Fi
chtii methodum exhibens, etc., Lipsiae, 1835.
F. Frederichs, Der Freiheitsbegriff Kants und Fichtes (The Concept of Freedo
m of Kant and Fichte), Berlin, 1886.
O. Guhloff, Der transcendentale Idealismus (Transcendental Idealism), Halle,
1888.
P. Hensel, Ueber die Beizehung des reinen Ich bei Fichte zur Einheit der App
erception bei Kant (On the Relation between the Pure I in the Works of Ficht
e and the Unity of Perception in those of Kant), Freiburg i. Br., 1885.
G. Schwabe, Fichtes und Schopenhauers Lehre vom Willen mit ihren Consequenze
n fur Weltbegreifung und Lebensfuhrung (The Theory of Will of Fichte and Sch
openhauer and its Consequences for Understanding the World and the Conduct o
f Life), Jena, 1887.
The numerous works published on the occasion of Fichte's Anniversary in 1862
are of course not included here. However, I would, above all, mention the A
ddress of Trendelenburg (A. Trendelenburg, Zur Erinnerung an J. G. Fichte —
To the Memory of J. G. Fichte — Berlin, 1862), which contains important th
eoretical viewpoints.
See Johannes Volkelt's Erfarung und Denken. Kritische Grundlegung der Erkenn
tnistheorie, Experience and Thinking. Critical Foundation for a Theory of Co
gnition. Hamburg and Leipzig, 1886. (Johannes Volkelt 1848-1930, philosopher
, professor at Leipzig.)
Grundlinien einer Erkenntnistheorie der Goetheschen Weltanschauung, mit beso
nderer Rucksicht auf Schiller, publ. in English translation by Olin D. Wanna
maker, New York, 1950, under the title, “The Theory of Knowledge Implicit i
n Goethe's World Conception— Fundamental Outlines with Special Reference to
Schiller.” The first German edition published Berlin and Stuttgart, 1886,
revised ed., Stuttgart, 1924, with new Foreword by the author. Other edition
s: Dornach, 1924; Dresden, 1936; Freiburg i. Br., 1949; Dornach, 1960.
--
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锁眉略展路旁待旧人。
飘飘零落不由他乡去,
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