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标 题: Contact I-2
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发信人: Sandoval (Companion Protector), 信区: SciFiction
标 题: Contact Part I - 2
发信站: The unknown SPACE (Tue Jan 25 01:00:28 2000) WWW-POST
CHAPTER 2
Coherent Light
Since I first gained the use of reason my inclination toward
learning has been so violent and strong that neither the
scoldings of other people... nor my own reflections... have
been able to stop me from following this natural impulse
that God gave me. He alone must know why; and He knows too
that I have begged Him to take the light of my
understanding, leaving only enough for me to keep His law,
for anything else is excessive in a woman, according to some
people. And others say it is even harmful.
-Juana Ines de la Cruz
Reply to the Bishop of
Puebla (1691), who had
attacked her scholarly
work as inappropriate
for her sex
I wish to propose for the reader's favourable consideration
a doctrine which may, I fear, appear wildly paradoxical and
subversive. The doctrine in question is this: that it is
undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground
whatever for supposing it true. I must, of course, admit
that if such an opinion became common it would completely
transform our social life and our political system; since
both are at present faultless, this must weigh against it.
-Bertrand Russell
Skeptical Essays, I (1928)
Surrounding the blue-white star in its equatorial plane was
a vast ring of orbiting debris-rocks and ice, metals and
organics-reddish at the periphery and bluish closer to the
star. The world-sized polyhedron plummeted through a gap in
the rings and emerged out the other side. In the ring plane,
it had been intermittently shadowed by icy boulders and
tumbling mountains. But now, carried along its trajectory
toward a point above the opposite pole of the star, the
sunlight gleamed off its millions of bowl-shaped appendages.
If you looked very carefully you might have seen one of them
make a slight pointing adjustment. You would not have seen
the burst of radio waves washing out from it into the depths
of space.
For all the tenure of humans on Earth, the night sky had
been a companion and an inspiration. The stars were
comforting. They seemed to demonstrate that the heavens were
created for the benefit and instruction of humans. This
pathetic conceit became the conventional wisdom worldwide.
No culture was free of it. Some people found in the skies an
aperture to the religious sensibility. Many were awestruck
and humbled by the glory and scale of the cosmos. Others
were stimulated to the most extravagant flights of fancy.
At the very moment that humans discovered the scale
of the universe and found that their most unconstrained
fancies were in fact dwarfed by the true dimensions of even
the Milky Way Galaxy, they took steps that ensured that
their descendants would be unable to see the stars at all.
For a million years humans had grown up with a personal
daily knowledge of the vault of heaven. I the last few
thousand years they began building and emigrating to the
cities. In the last few decades, a major fraction of the
human population had abandoned a rustic way of life. As
technology developed and the cities were polluted, the
nights became starless. New generations grew to maturity
wholly ignorant of the sky that had transfixed their
ancestors and that had stimulated the modern age of science
and technology. Without even noticing, just as astronomy
entered a golden age most people cut themselves off from the
sky, a cosmic isolationism that ended only with the dawn of
space exploration.
Ellie would look up at Venus and imagine it was a world
something like the Earth-populated by plants and animals and
civilizations, but each of them different from the kinds we
have here. On the outskirts of town, just after sunset, she
would examine the night sky and scrutinize that unflickering
bright point of light. By comparison with nearby clouds,
just above her, still illuminated by the Sun, it seemed a
little yellow. She tried to imagine what was going on there.
She would stand on tiptoe and stare the planet down.
Sometimes, she could almost convince herself that she could
really see it; a swirl of yellow fog would suddenly clear,
and a vast jeweled city would briefly be revealed. Air cars
sped among the crystal spires. Sometimes she would imagine
peering into one of those vehicles and glimpsing one of
them. Or she would imagine a young one, glancing up at a
bright blue point of light in its sky, standing on tiptoe
and wondering about the inhabitants of Earth. It was an
irresistible notion: a sultry, tropical planet brimming over
with intelligent life, and just next door.
She consented to rote memorization, but knew that it
was at best the hollow shell of education. She did the
minimum work necessary to do well in her courses, and
pursued other matters. She arranged to spend free periods
and occasional hours after school in what was called
"shop"-a dingy and cramped small factory established when
the school devoted more effort to "vocational education"
than was now fashionable. "Vocational education" meant, more
than anything else, working with your hands. There were
lathes, drill presses, and other machine tools which she was
forbidden to approach, because no matter how capable she
might be, she was still "a girl." Reluctantly, they granted
her permission to pursue her own projects in the electronics
area of the "shop." She built radios more or less from
scratch, and then went on to something more interesting.
She built an encrypting machine. It was rudimentary,
but it worked. It could take any English-language message
and transform it by a simple substitution cipher into
something that looked like gibberish. Building a machine
that would do the reverse-converting an encrypted message
into clear when you didn't know the substitution
convention-that was much harder. You could have the machine
run through all the possible substitutions (A stands for B,
A stands for C, A stands for D...), or you could remember
that some letters in English were used more often than
others. You could get some idea of the frequency of letters
by looking at the sizes of the bins for each letter of type
in the print shop next door. "ETAOIN SHRDLU," the boys in
print shop would say, giving pretty closely the order of the
twelve most frequently used letters in English. In decoding
a long message, the letter that was most common probably
stood for an E. Certain consonants tended to go together,
she discovered; vowels distributed themselves more or less
at random. The most common three-letter word in the language
was "the." If within a word there was a letter standing
between a T and an E, it was almost certainly H. If not, you
could bet on R or a vowel. She deduced other rules and spent
long hours counting up the frequency of letters in various
schoolbooks before she discovered that such frequency tables
had already been compiled and published. Her decrypting
machine was only for her own enjoyment. She did not use it
to convey secret messages to friends. She was unsure to whom
she might safely confide these electronic and cryptographic
interests; the boys became jittery or boisterous, and the
girls looked at her strangely.
Soldiers of the United States were fighting in a distant
place called Vietnam. Every month, it seemed, more young men
were being scooped off the street or the farm and packed off
the Vietnam. The more she learned about the origins of the
war, and the more she listened to the public pronouncements
of national leaders, the more outraged she became. The
President and the Congress were lying and killing, she
thought to herself, and almost everyone else was mutely
assenting. The fact that her stepfather embraced official
positions on treaty obligations, dominoes, and naked
Communist aggression only strengthened her resolve. She
began attending meetings and rallies at the college nearby.
The people she met there seemed much brighter, friendlier,
more alive than her awkward and lusterless high school
companions. John Staughton first cautioned her and then
forbade her to spend time with college students. They would
not respect her, he said. They would take advantage of her.
She was pretending to a sophistication she did not have and
never would. Her style of dress was deteriorating. Military
fatigues were inappropriate for a girl and a travesty, a
hypocrisy, for someone who claimed to oppose the American
intervention in Southeast Asia.
Beyond pious exhortations to Ellie and Staughton not
to "fight," her mother participated little in these
discussions. Privately she would plead with Ellie to obey
her stepfather, to be "nice." Ellie now suspected Staughton
of marrying her mother for her father's life insurance-why
else? He certainly showed no signs of loving her-and he was
not predisposed to be "nice." One day, in some agitation,
her mother asked her to do something for all their sakes:
attend Bible class. While her father, a skeptic on revealed
religions, had been alive, there was no talk of Bible class.
How could her mother have married Staughton? The question
welled up in her for the thousandth time. Bible class, her
mother continued, would help instill the conventional
virtues; but even more important, it would show Staughton
that Ellie was willing to make some accommodation. Out of
love and pity for her mother, she acquiesced.
So every Sunday for most of one school year Ellie
went to a regular discussion group at a nearby church. It
was one of the respectable Protestant denominations,
untainted by disorderly evangelism. There were a few high
school students, a number of adults, mainly middle-aged
women, and the instructor, the minister's wife. Ellie had
never seriously read the Bible before and had been inclined
to accept her father's perhaps ungenerous judgment that it
was "half barbarian history, half fairy tales." So over the
weekend preceding her first class, she read through what
seemed to be the important parts of the Old Testament,
trying to keep an open mind. She at once recognized that
there were two different and mutually contradictory stories
of Creation in the first two chapters of Genesis. She did
not see how there could be light and days before the Sun was
made, and had trouble figuring out exactly who it was that
Cain had married. In the stories of Lot and his daughters,
of Abraham and Sarah in Egypt, of the betrothal of Dinah, of
Jacob and Esau, she found herself amazed. She understood
that cowardice might occur in the real world-that sons might
deceive and defraud an aged father, that a man might give
craven consent to the seduction of his wife by the King, or
even encourage the rape of his daughters. But in this holy
book there was not a word of protest against such outrages.
Instead, it seemed, the crimes were approved, even praised.
When class began, she was eager for a discussion of
these vexing inconsistencies, for an unburdening
illumination of God's Purpose, or at least for an
explanation of why these crimes were not condemned by the
author or Author. But in this she was to be disappointed.
The minister's wife blandly temporized. Somehow these
stories never surfaced in subsequent discussion. When Ellie
inquired how it was possible for the maidservants of the
daughter of Pharaoh to tell just by looking that the baby in
the bullrushes was Hebrew, the teacher blushed deeply and
asked Ellie not to raise unseemly questions. (The answer
dawned on Ellie at that moment.)
When they came to the New Testament, Ellie's
agitation increased. Matthew and Luke traced the ancestral
line of Jesus back to King David. But for Matthew there were
twenty-eight generations between David and Jesus; for Luke
forty-three. There were almost no names common to the two
lists. How could both Matthew and Luke be the Word of God?
The contradictory genealogies seemed to Ellie a transparent
attempt to fit the Isaianic prophecy after the event-cooking
the data, it was called in chemistry lab. She was deeply
moved by the Sermon on the Mount, deeply disappointed by the
admonition to render unto Caesar what is Caesar's, and
reduced to shouts and tears after the instructor twice
sidestepped her questions on the meaning of "I bring not
peace but the sword." She told her despairing mother that
she had done her best, but wild horses wouldn't drag her to
another Bible class.
She was lying on her bed. It was a hot summer's night. Elvis
was singing, "One night with you, that's what I'm beggin'
for." The boys at the high school seemed painfully immature,
and it was difficult-especially with her stepfather's
strictures and curfews-to establish much of a relationship
with the young college men she met at lectures and rallies.
John Staughton was right, she reluctantly admitted to
herself, at least about this: The young men, almost without
exception, had a penchant for sexual exploitation. At the
same time, they seemed much more emotionally vulnerable than
she had expected. Perhaps the one caused the other.
She had half expected not to attend college,
although she was determined to leave home. Staughton would
not pay for her to go elsewhere, and her mother's meek
intercessions were unavailing. But Ellie had done
spectacularly well on the standardized college entrance
examinations and found to her surprise her teachers telling
her that she was likely to be offered scholarships by
well-known universities. She had guessed on a number of
multiple-choice questions and considered her performance a
fluke. If you know very little, only enough to exclude all
but the two most likely answers, and if you then guess at
ten straight questions, the is about one chance in a
thousand, she explained to herself, that you'll get all then
correct. For twenty straight questions, the odds were one in
a million. But something like a million kids probably took
this test. Someone had to get lucky.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, seemed far enough away to
elude John Staughton's influence, but close enough to return
from on vacation to visit her mother-who viewed the
arrangement as a difficult compromise between abandoning her
daughter and incrementally irritating her husband. Ellie
surprised herself by choosing Harvard over the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
She arrived for orientation period, a pretty
dark-haired young woman of middling height with a lopsided
smile and an eagerness to learn everything. She set out to
broaden her education, to take as many courses as possible
apart from her central interests in mathematics, physics,
and engineering. But there was a problem with her central
interests. She found it difficult to discuss physics, much
less debate it, with her predominantly male classmates. At
first they paid a kind of selective inattention to her
remarks. There would be a slight pause, and then they would
go on as if she had not spoken. Occasionally they would
acknowledge her remark, even praise it, and then again
continue undeflected. She was reasonably sure her remarks
were not entirely foolish, and did not wish to be ignored,
much less ignored and patronized alternately. Part of it-but
only a part-she knew was due to the softness of her voice.
So she developed a physics voice, a professional voice:
clear, competent, and many decibels above conversational.
With such a voice it was important to be right. She had to
pick her moments. It was hard to continue long in such a
voice, because she was sometimes in danger of bursting out
laughing. So she found herself leaning towards quick,
sometimes cutting, interventions, usually enough to capture
their attention; then she could go on for a while in a more
usual tone of voice. Every time she found herself in a new
group she would have to fight her way through again, just to
dip her oar into the discussion. The boys were uniformly
unaware even that there was a problem.
Sometimes she would be engaged in a laboratory
exercise or a seminar when the instructor would say,
"Gentlemen, let's proceed," and sensing Ellie's frown would
add, "Sorry, Miss Arroway, but I think of you as one of the
boys." The highest compliment they were capable of paying
was that in their minds she was not overtly female.
She had to fight against developing too combative a
personality or becoming altogether a misanthrope. She
suddenly caught herself. "Misanthrope" is someone who
dislikes everybody, not just men. And they certainly had a
word for someone who hates women: "misogynist." But the male
lexicographers had somehow neglected to coin a word for the
dislike of men. They were almost entirely men themselves,
she thought, and had been unable to imagine a market for
such a word.
More than many others, she had been encumbered with
parental proscriptions. Her newfound freedoms-intellectual,
social, sexual-were exhilarating. At a time when many of her
contemporaries were moving toward shapeless clothing that
minimized the distinctions between the sexes, she aspired to
an elegance and simplicity in dress and makeup that strained
her limited budget. There were more effective ways to make
political statements, she thought. She cultivated a few
close friends and made a number of casual enemies, who
disliked her for her dress, for her political and religious
views, or for the vigor with which she defended her
opinions. Her competence and delight in science were taken
as rebukes by many otherwise capable young women. But a few
looked on her as what mathematicians call an existence
theorem-a demonstration that a woman could, sure enough,
excel in science-or even as a role model.
At the height of the sexual revolution, she
experimented with gradually increasing enthusiasm, but found
she was intimidating her would-be lovers. Her relationships
tended to last a few months or less. The alternative seemed
to be to disguise her interests and stifle her opinions,
something she had resolutely refused to do in high school.
The image of her mother, condemned to a resigned and
placatory imprisonment, haunted Ellie. She began wondering
about men unconnected with the academic and scientific life.
Some women, it seemed, were entirely without guile
and bestowed their affections with hardly a moment's
conscious thought. Others set out to implement a campaign of
military thoroughness, with branched contingency trees and
fallback positions, all to "catch" a desirable man. The word
"desirable" was the giveaway, she thought. The poor jerk
wasn't actually desired, only "desirable"-a plausible object
of desire in the opinion of those others on whose account
this whole sorry charade was performed. Most women, she
thought, were somewhere in the middle, seeking to reconcile
their passions with their perceived long-term advantage.
Perhaps there were occasional communications between love
and self-interest that escaped the notice of the conscious
mind. But the whole idea of calculated entrapment made her
shiver. In this matter, she decided, she was a devotee of
the spontaneous. That was when she met Jesse.
Her date had taken her to a cellar bar off Kenmore Square.
Jesse was singing rhythm and blues and playing lead guitar.
The way he sang and the way he moved made clear what she had
been missing. The next night she returned alone. She seated
herself at the nearest table and locked eyes with him
through both his sets. Two months later they were living
together.
It was only when his booking took him to Hartford or
Bangor that she got any work done at all. She would spend
her days with the other students: boys with the final
generation of slide rules hanging like trophies from their
belts; boys with plastic pencil holders in their breast
pockets; precise, stilted boys with nervous laughs; serious
boys spending all their waking moments becoming scientists.
Absorbed in training themselves to plumb the depths of
nature, they were almost helpless in ordinary human affairs,
where, for all their knowledge, they seemed pathetic and
shallow. Perhaps the dedicated pursuit of science was so
consuming, so competitive, that no time was left to become a
well-rounded human being. Or perhaps their social
disabilities had led them to fields where the want would not
be noticed. Except for science itself, she did not find them
good company.
At night there was Jesse, leaping and wailing, a
kind of force of nature that had taken over her life. In the
year they spent together, she could not recall a single
night when he proposed they go to sleep. He knew nothing of
physics or mathematics, buy he was wide awake inside the
universe, and for a time so was she.
She dreamed or reconciling her two worlds. She had
fantasies of musicians and physicists in harmonious social
concert. But the evenings she organized were awkward and
ended early.
One day he told her he wanted a baby. He would be
serious, he'd settle down, he'd get a regular job. He might
even consider marriage.
"A baby?" she asked him. "But I'd have to leave
school. I have years more before I'm done. If I had a baby,
I might never go back to school."
"Yeah," he said, "but we'd have a baby. You wouldn't
have school, but you'd have something else."
"Jesse, I need school," she told him.
He shrugged, and she could feel their lives together
slip off his shoulders and away. It lasted another few
months, but it all had really been settled in that brief
exchange. They kissed each other goodbye and he went off to
California. She never heard his voice again.
In the late 1960s, the Soviet Union succeeded in landing
space vehicles on the surface of Venus. They were the first
spacecraft of the human species to set down in working order
on another planet. Over a decade earlier, American radio
astronomers, confined to Earth, had discovered that Venus
was an intense source of radio emission. The most popular
explanation had been that the massive atmosphere of Venus
trapped the heat through a planetary greenhouse effect. In
this view, the surface of the planet was stifling hot, much
too hot for crystal cities and wondering Venusians. Ellie
longed for some other explanation, and tried unsuccessfully
to imagine ways in which the radio emission could come from
high above a clement Venus surface. Some astronomers at
Harvard and MIT claimed that none of the alternatives to a
broiling Venus could explain the radio data. The idea of so
massive a greenhouse effect seemed to her unlikely and
somehow distasteful, a planet that had let itself go. But
when the Venera spacecraft landed and in effect stuck out a
thermometer, the temperature measured was high enough to
melt tin or lead. She imagined the crystal cities liquifying
(although Venus wasn't quite that hot), the surface awash in
silicate tears. She was a romantic. She had known it for
years.
But at the same time she had to admire how powerful
radio astronomy was. The astronomers had sat home, pointed
their radio telescopes at Venus, and measured the surface
temperature just about as accurately as the Venera probes
did thirteen years later. She had been fascinated with
electricity and electronics as long as she could remember.
But this was the first time she had been deeply impressed by
radio astronomy. You stay safely on your own planet and
point your telescope with its associated electronics.
Information about other worlds then comes fluttering down
through the feeds. She marveled at the notion.
Ellie began to visit the university's modest radio
telescope in nearby Harvard, Massachusetts, eventually
getting an invitation to help with the observations and the
data analysis. She was accepted as a paid summer assistant
at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank,
West Virginia, and upon arrival, gazed in some rapture at
Grote Reber's original radio telescope, constructed in his
backyard in Wheaton, Illinois, in 1938, and now serving as a
reminder of what a dedicated amateur can accomplish. Reber
had been able to detect the radio emission from the center
of the Galaxy when no one nearby happened to be starting up
the car and the diathermy machine down the street was not in
operation. The Galactic Center was much more powerful, but
the diathermy machine was a lot closer.
The atmosphere of patient inquiry and the occasional
rewards of modest discovery were agreeable to her. They were
trying to measure how the number of distant extragalactic
radio sources increased as they looked deeper into space.
She began to think about better ways of detecting faint
radio signals. In due course, she graduated cum laude from
Harvard and went on for graduate work in radio astronomy at
the other end of the country, at the California Institute of
Technology.
For a year, she apprenticed herself to David Drumlin. He had
a worldwide reputation for brilliance and for not suffering
fools gladly, but was at heart one of those men you can find
at the top of every profession who are in a state of
unrelieved anxiety that someone, somewhere, might prove
smarter than they. Drumlin taught Ellie some of the real
heart of the subject, especially its theoretical
underpinnings. Although he was inexplicably rumored to be
attractive to women, Ellie found him frequently combative
and unremittingly self-involved. She was too romantic, he
would say. The universe is strictly ordered according to its
own rules. The idea is to think as the universe does, not to
foist our romantic predispositions (and girlish longings, he
once said) on the universe. Everything not forbidden by the
laws of nature, he assured her-quoting a colleague down the
hall-is mandatory. But, he went on, almost everything is
forbidden. She gazed at him as he lectured, trying to divine
this odd combination of personality traits. She saw a man in
excellent physical condition: prematurely gray hair,
sardonic smile, half-moon reading glasses perched toward the
end of his nose, bow tie, square jaw, and remnants of a
Montana twang.
His idea of a good time was to invite the graduate
students and junior faculty over for dinner (unlike her
stepfather, who enjoyed a student entourage but considered
having them to dinner an extravagance). Drumlin would
exhibit an extreme intellectual territoriality, steering the
conversation to topics in which he was the acknowledged
expert and then swiftly dispatching contrary opinions. After
dinner he would often subject them to a slide show of Dr. D.
scuba diving in Cozumel or Tobago or the Great Barrier Reef.
He was often smiling into the camera and waving, even in the
underwater images. Sometimes there would be a submarine
vista of his scientific colleague, Dr. Helga Bork.
(Drumlin's wife would always object to these particular
slides, on the reasonable grounds that most of the audience
had already seen them at previous dinner parties. In truth,
the audience had already seen all the slides. Drumlin would
respond by extolling the virtues of the athletic Dr. Bork,
and his wife's humiliation increased.) Many of the students
gamely went along, seeking some novelty they had previously
missed among the brain corals and the spiny sea urchins. A
few would writhe in embarrassment or become absorbed in the
avocado dip.
A stimulating afternoon for his graduate students
would be for them to be invited over, it twos or threes, to
drive him to the edge of a favorite cliff near Pacific
Palisades. Casually attached to his hang glider, he would
leap off the precipice toward the tranquil ocean a few
hundred feet below. Their job was to drive down the coast
road and retrieve him. He would swoop down upon them,
beaming exultantly. Others were invited to join him, but few
accepted. He had, and delighted in, the competitive
advantage. It was quite a performance. Others looked on
graduate students as resources for the future, as their
intellectual torchbearers to the next generation. But
Drumlin, she felt, had quite a different view. For him,
graduate students were gunslingers. There was no telling
which of them might at any moment challenge him for the
reigning title of "Fastest Gun in the West." They were to be
kept in their places. He never made a pass at her, but
sooner or later, she was certain, he was bound to try.
In her second year at Cal Tech, Peter Valerian
returned to campus from his sabbatical year abroad. He was a
gentle and unprepossessing man. No one, least of all he
himself, considered him especially brilliant. Yet he had a
steady record of significant accomplishment in radio
astronomy because, he explained when pressed, he "kept at
it." There was one slightly disreputable aspect of his
scientific career: He was fascinated by the possibility of
extraterrestrial intelligence. Each faculty member, it
seemed, was allowed one foible: Drumlin had hang gliding and
Valerian had life on other worlds. Others had topless bars,
or carnivorous plants, or something called transcendental
meditation. Valerian had thought about extraterrestrial
intelligence, abbreviated ETI, longer and harder-and in many
cases more carefully-than anyone else. As she grew to know
him better, it seemed that ETI provided a fascination, a
romance, that was in dramatic contrast with the humdrum
business of his personal life. This thinking about
extraterrestrial intelligence was not work for him, but
play. His imagination soared.
Ellie loved to listen to him. It was like entering
Wonderland or the Emerald City. Actually, it was better,
because at the end of all his ruminations there was the
thought that maybe this could really be true, could really
happen. Someday, she mused, there might in fact and not just
in fantasy be a message received by one of the great radio
telescopes. But in a way it was worse, because Valerian,
like Drumlin on other subjects, repeatedly stressed that
speculation must be confronted with sober physical reality.
It was a kind of sieve that separated the rare useful
speculation from torrents of nonsense. The extraterrestrials
and their technology had to conform strictly to the laws of
nature, a fact that severely crimped many a charming
prospect. But what emerged from this sieve, and survived the
most skeptical physical and astronomical analysis, might
even be true. You couldn't be sure, of course. There were
bound to be possibilities that you had missed, that people
cleverer than you would one day figure out.
Valerian would emphasize how we are trapped by our
time and our culture and our biology, how limited we are, by
definition, in imagining fundamentally different creatures
or civilizations. And separately evolved on very different
creatures or civilizations. And separately evolved on very
different worlds, they would have to be very different from
us. It was possible that beings much more advanced than we
might have unimaginable technologies-this was, in fact,
almost guaranteed-and new laws of physics. It was hopelessly
narrow-minded, he would say as they walked past a succession
of stucco arches as in a De Chirico painting, to imagine
that all significant laws of physics had been discovered at
the moment our generation began contemplating the problem.
There would be a twenty-first-century physics and
twenty-second-century physics, and even a Fourth-Millennium
physics. We might be laughably far off in guessing how a
very different technical civilization would communicate.
But then, he always reassured himself, the
extraterrestrials would have to know how backward we were.
If we were any more advanced, they would know about us
already. Here we were, just beginning to stand up on our two
feet, discovering fire last Wednesday, and only yesterday
stumbling on Newtonian dynamics, Maxwell's equations, radio
telescopes, and hints of Superunification of the laws of
physics. Valerian was sure they wouldn't make it hard for
us. They would try to make it easy, because if they wanted
to communicate with dummies they would have to have a
fighting chance if a message ever came. His lack of
brilliance was in fact his strength. He knew, he was
confident, what dummies knew.
As a topic for her doctoral thesis, Ellie chose,
with the concurrence of the faculty, the development of an
improvement in the sensitive receivers employed on radio
telescopes. It made use of her talents in electronics, freed
her from the mainly theoretical Drumlin, and permitted her
to continue her discussions with Valerian-but without taking
the professionally dangerous step of working with him on
extraterrestrial intelligence. It was too speculative a
subject for a doctoral dissertation. Her stepfather had
taken to denouncing her various interests as unrealistically
ambitious or occasionally as deadeningly trivial. When he
heard of her thesis topic through the grapevine (by now, she
was not talking to him at all), he dismissed it as
pedestrian.
She was working on the ruby maser. A ruby is made
mainly of alumina, which is almost perfectly transparent.
The red color derives from a small chromium impurity
distributed through the alumina crystal. When a strong
magnetic field is impressed on the ruby, the chromium atoms
increase their energy or, as physicists like to say, are
raised to an excited state. She loved the image of all the
little chromium atoms called to feverish activity in each
amplifier, frenzied in a good practical cause-amplifying a
weak radio signal. The stronger the magnetic field, the more
excited the chromium atoms became. Thus the maser could be
turned so that it was particularly sensitive to a selected
radio frequency. She found a way to make rubies with
lanthanide impurities in addition to the chromium atoms, so
a maser could be tuned to a narrower frequency range and
could detect a much weaker signal than previous masers. Her
detector had to be immersed in liquid helium. She then
installed her new instrument on one of Cal Tech's radio
telescopes in Owens Valley and detected, at entirely new
frequencies, what astronomers call the three-degree
black-body background radiation-the remnant in the radio
spectrum of the immense explosion that began this universe,
the Big Bang.
"Let's see if I've got this right," she would say to
herself. "I've taken an inert gas that's in the air, made it
into a liquid, put some impurities into a ruby, attached a
magnet, and detected the fires of creation."
She would then shake her head in amazement. To
anyone ignorant of the underlying physics, it might seem the
most arrogant and pretentious necromancy. How would you
explain this to the best scientists of thousand years ago,
who knew about air and rubies and lodestones, but not about
liquid helium, stimulated emission, and superconducting flux
pumps? In fact, she reminded herself, they did not have even
the foggiest notion about the radio spectrum. Or even the
idea of a spectrum-except vaguely, from contemplating the
rainbow. They did not know that light was waves. How could
we hope to understand the science of a civilization a
thousand years ahead of us?
It was necessary to make rubies in large batches,
because only a few would have the requisite properties. None
were quite of gemstone quality, and most were tiny. But she
took to wearing a few of the larger remnants. They matched
her dark coloring well. Even if it was carefully cut, you
could recognize some anomaly in the stone set in a ring or a
brooch: the odd way, for example, that it caught the light
at certain angles from an abrupt internal reflection, or a
peach-colored blemish inside the ruby red. She would explain
to nonscientist friends that she liked rubies but couldn't
afford them. It was a little like the scientist who first
discovered the biochemical pathway of green plant
photosynthesis, and who forever after wore pine needles or a
sprig of parsley in his lapel. Colleagues, their respect for
her growing, considered it a minor idiosyncrasy.
The great radio telescopes of the world are constructed in
remote locations for the same reason Paul Gauguin sailed to
Tahiti: For them to work well, they must be far from
civilization. As civilian and military radio traffic has
increased, radio telescopes had to hide-sequestered in an
obscure valley in Puerto Rico, say, or exiled to a vast
scrub desert in New Mexico or Kazakhstan. As radio
interference continues to grow, it makes increasing sense to
build the telescopes off the Earth altogether. The
scientists who work at these isolated observatories tend to
be dogged and determined. Spouses abandon them, children
leave home at the first opportunity, but the astronomers
stick it out. Rarely do they think of themselves as
dreamers. The permanent scientific staff in remote
observatories tend to be the practical ones, the
experimentalists, the experts who know a great deal about
antenna design and data analysis, and much less about
quasars or pulsars. Generally speaking, they had not longed
for the stars in childhood; they had been too busy repairing
the carburetor in the family car.
After receiving her doctorate, Ellie accepted an
appointment as research associate at the Arecibo
Observatory, a great bowl 305 meters across, fixed to the
floor of a karst valley in the foothills of northwestern
Puerto Rico. With the largest radio telescope on the planet,
she was eager to employ her maser detector to look at as
many different astronomical objects as she could-nearby
planets and stars, the center of the Galaxy, pulsars and
quasars. As a full-time member of the Observatory staff, she
would be assigned a significant amount of observing time.
Access to the great radio telescopes is keenly competitive,
there being many more worthwhile research projects than can
possibly be accommodated. So reserved telescope time for the
resident staff is perquisite beyond price. For many of the
astronomers, it was the only reason they would consent to
live in such godforsaken places.
She also hoped to examine a few nearby stars for
possible signals of intelligent origin. With her detector
system it would be possible to here the radio leakage from a
planet like Earth even if it was a few light-years away. And
an advanced society, intending to communicate with us, would
doubtless be capable of much greater power transmissions
than we were. If Arecibo, used as a radar telescope, was
capable of transmitting one megawatt of power to a specific
locale in space, then a civilization only a little bit in
advance of ours might, she thought, be capable of
transmitting a hundred megawatts or more. If they were
intentionally transmitting to the Earth with a telescope as
large as Arecibo but with a hundred-megawatt transmitter,
Arecibo should be able to detect them virtually anywhere in
the Milky Way Galaxy. When she thought carefully about it,
she was surprised that, in the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence, what could be done was so far ahead of what
had been done. The resources that had been devoted to this
question were trifling, she thought. She was hard pressed to
name a more important scientific problem.
The Arecibo facility was known to the locals as "El
Radar." Its function was generally obscure, but it provided
more than a hundred badly needed jobs. The indigenous young
women were sequestered from the male astronomers, some of
whom could be viewed at almost any time of day or night,
full of nervous energy, jogging along the circumferential
track that surrounded the dish. As a result, the attentions
directed at Ellie upon her arrival, while not entirely
unwelcome, soon became a distraction from her research.
The physical beauty of the place was considerable.
At twilight, she would look out the control windows and see
storm clouds hovering over the other lip of the valley, just
beyond one of the three immense pylons from which the feed
horns and her newly installed maser system were suspended.
At the top of each pylon, a red light would flash to warn
off any airplanes that had improbably strayed upon this
remote vista. At 4 a.m., she would step outside for a breath
of air and puzzle to understand a massed chorus of thousands
of local land frogs, called "coquis" in imitations of their
plaintive cry.
Some astronomers lived near the Observatory, but the
isolation, compounded by ignorance of Spanish and
inexperience with any other culture, tended to drive them
and their wives toward loneliness and anomie. Some had
decided to live at Ramey Air Force Base, which boasted the
only English-language school in the vicinity. But the
ninety-minute drive also heightened their sense of
isolation. Repeated threats by Puerto Rican separatists,
convinced erroneously that the Observatory played some
significant military function, increased the sense of
subdued hysteria, of circumstances barely under control.
Many months later, Valerian came to visit. Nominally
he was there to give a lecture, but she knew that part of
his purpose was to check up on how she was doing and provide
some semblance of psychological support. Her research had
gone very well. She had discovered what seemed to be a new
interstellar molecular cloud complex, and had obtained some
very fine high time-resolution data on the pulsar at the
center of the Crab Nebula. She had even completed the most
sensitive search yet performed for signals from a few dozen
nearby stars, but with no positive results. There had been
one or two suspicious regularities. She observed the stars
in question again and could find nothing out of the
ordinary. Look at enough stars, and sooner or later
terrestrial interference or the concatenation of random
noise will produce a pattern that for a moment makes your
heart palpitate. You calm down and check it out. If it
doesn't repeat itself, you consider it spurious. This
discipline was essential if she was to preserve some
emotional equilibrium in the face of what she was seeking.
She was determined to be as tough-minded as possible,
without abandoning the sense of wonder that was driving her
in the first place.
From her scant supply in the community refrigerator,
she had made a rudimentary picnic lunch, and Valerian sat
with her along the very periphery of the bowl-shaped dish.
Workmen repairing or replacing the panels could be seen in
the distance, walking on special snowshoes so they did not
tear the aluminum sheets and plunge through the ground
below. Valerian was delighted with her progress. They
exchanged bits of gossip and current scientific tidbits. The
conversation turned to SETI, as the search for
extraterrestrial intelligence was beginning to be called.
"Have you ever though about doing it full time,
Ellie?" he asked.
"I haven't thought about it much. But it's not
really possible, is it? There's no major facility devoted to
SETI full-time anywhere in the world, as far as I know."
"No, but there might be. There's a chance that
dozens of additional dishes might be added to the Very Large
Array, and make it into a dedicated SETI observatory. They'd
do some of the usual kind of radio astronomy also, of
course. It would be a superb interferometer. It's only a
possibility, it's expensive, it needs real political will,
and it's years away at best. Just something to think about."
"Peter, I've just examined some forty-odd nearby
stars of roughly solar spectral type. I've looked in the
twenty-one centimeter hydrogen line, which everybody says is
the obvious beacon frequency-because hydrogen is the most
abundant atom in the universe, and so on. And I've done it
with the highest sensitivity ever tried. There's not a hint
of a signal. Maybe there's no one out there. Maybe the whole
business is a waste of time."
"Like life on Venus? That's just disillusionment
talking. Venus is a hellhole of a world; it's just one
planet. But there's hundreds of billions of stars in the
Galaxy. You've looked at only a handful. Wouldn't you say
it's a little premature to give up? You've done on-billionth
of the problem. Probably much less than that, if you
consider other frequencies."
"I know, I know. But don't you have the sense that
if they're anywhere, they're everywhere? If really advanced
guys live a thousand light-years away, shouldn't they have
an outpost in our backyard? You could do the SETI thing
forever, you know, and never convince yourself that you'd
completed the search."
"Oh, you're beginning to sound like Dave Drumlin. If
we can't find them in his lifetime, he's not interested.
We're just beginning SETI. You know how many possibilities
there are. This is the time to leave every option open. This
is the time to be optimistic. If we lived in any previous
time in human history, we could wonder about this all our
lives, and we couldn't do a thing to find the answer. But
this time is unique. This is the first time when anybody's
been able to look for extraterrestrial intelligence. You've
made the detector to look for civilizations on the planets
of millions of other stars. Nobody's guaranteeing success.
But can you think of a more important question? Imagine them
out there sending us signals, and nobody on Earth is
listening. That would be a joke, a travesty. Wouldn't you be
ashamed of your civilization if we were able to listen and
didn't have the gumption to do it?"
Two hundred fifty-six images of the left world swam by on
the left. Two hundred fifty-six images of the right world
glided by on the right. He integrated all 512 images into a
wraparound view of his surroundings. He was deep in a forest
of great waving blades, some green, some etiolated, almost
all larger than me. But he had no difficulty clambering up
and over, occasionally balancing precariously on a bent
blade, falling to the gentle cushion of horizontal blades
below, and then continuing unerringly on his journey. He
could tell he was centered on the trail. It was
tantalizingly fresh. He would think of nothing, if that's
where the trail led, of scaling an obstacle a hundred or a
thousand times as tall as he was. He needed no pylons or
ropes; he was already equipped. The ground immediately
before him was redolent with a marker odor left recently, it
must be, by another scout of his clan. It would lead to
food; it almost always did. The food would spontaneously
appear. Scouts would find it and mark the trail. He and his
fellows would bring it back. Sometimes the food was a
creature rather like himself; other times it was only an
amorphous or crystalline lump. Occasionally it was so large
that many of his clan would be required, working together,
heaving and shoving it over the folded blades, to carry it
home. He smacked his mandibles in anticipation.
"What worries me the most," she continued, "is the opposite,
the possibility that they're not trying. They could
communicate with us, all right, but they're not doing it
because they don't see any point to it. It's like..."-she
glanced down at the edge of the tablecloth they had spread
over the grass-"like the ants. They occupy the same
landscape that we do. They have plenty to do, things to
occupy themselves. On some level they're very well aware of
their environment. But we don't try to communicate with
them. So I don't think they have the foggiest notion that we
exist."
A large ant, more enterprising than his fellows, had
ventured onto the tablecloth and was briskly marching along
the diagonal of one of the red and white squares.
Suppressing a small twinge of revulsion, she gingerly
flicked it back onto the grass-where it belonged.
--
... In 2345, on the 10th anniversary of the Shivan attack
on Ross 128, the Vasudan emperor Khonsu II addressed the
newly formed GTVA General Assembly. The emperor inaugurated
an ambiguous and unprecedented joint endeavor: the GTVA
Colossus...
※ 来源:.The unknown SPACE bbs.mit.edu.[FROM: 204.91.54.100]
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