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发信人: bhfbao (嗖嗖与嗖嗖), 信区: SFworld
标 题: Contact I-4
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Wed Feb 2 15:22:52 2000), 转信
发信人: isabel (伊莎贝尔~戒网中), 信区: SFworld
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu Jan 27 00:49:31 2000)
发信人: Sandoval (Companion Protector), 信区: SciFiction
标 题: Contact Part I - 4
发信站: The unknown SPACE (Tue Jan 25 01:01:44 2000) WWW-POST
CHAPTER 4
Prime Numbers
Are there no Moravians in the Moon, that not a missionary
has yet visited this poor pagan planet of ours to civilize
civilization and Christianize Christendom?
-Herman Melville
White Jacket (1850)
Silence alone is great; all else is weakness.
-Alfred DeVigny
La Mort du Loup
(1864)
The cold black vacuum had been left behind. The pulses were
now approaching an ordinary yellow dwarf star and had
already begun spilling over the retinue of worlds in this
obscure system. They had fluttered by planets of hydrogen
gas, penetrated into moons of ice, breached the organic
clouds of a frigid world on which the precursors of life
were stirring, and swept across a planet a billion years
past its prime. Now the pulses were washing against a warm
world, blue and whit, spinning against the backdrop of the
stars.
There was life on this world, extravagant in its
numbers and variety. There were jumping spiders at the
chilly tops of the highest mountains and sulfur-eating worms
in hot vents gushing up through ridges on the ocean floors.
There were beings that could live only in concentrated
sulfuric acid, and beings that were destroyed by
concentrated sulfuric acid; organisms that were poisoned by
oxygen, and organisms that could survive only in oxygen,
that actually breathed the stuff.
A particular lifeform, with a modicum of
intelligence, had recently spread across the planet. They
had outposts on the ocean floors and in low-altitude orbit.
They had swarmed to every nook and cranny of their small
world. The boundary that marked the transition of night into
day was sweeping westward, and following its motion millions
of these beings ritually performed their morning ablutions.
They donned great-coats and dhotis; drank brews of coffee,
tea, or dandelion; drove bicycles, automobiles, or oxen; and
briefly contemplated school assignments, prospects for
spring planting, and the fate of the world.
The first pulses in the train of radio waves
insinuated themselves through the atmosphere and clouds,
struck the landscape and were partially reflected back to
space. As the Earth turned beneath them, successive pulses
arrived, engulfing not just this one planet but the entire
system. Very little of the energy was intercepted by any of
the worlds. Most of it passed effortlessly onward-as the
yellow star and its attendant worlds plunged, in an
altogether different direction, into the inky dark.
Wearing a Dacron jacket displaying the word "Marauders"
above a stylized felt volleyball, the duty officer,
beginning the night shift, approached the control building.
A klatch of radio astronomers was just leaving for dinner.
"How long have you guys been looking for little
green men? It's more than five years, isn't it now, Willie?"
They chided him good-naturedly, but he could detect
an edge to their banter.
"Give us a break, Willie," another of them said.
"The quasar luminosity program is going great guns. But it's
gonna take forever if we only have two percent of the
telescope time."
"Sure, Jack, sure."
"Willie, we're looking back toward the origin of the
universe. There's a big stake in our program, too-and we
know there's a universe out there; you don't know there's a
single little green man."
"Take it up with Dr. Arroway. I'm sure she'll be
glad to hear your opinion, "he replied a little sourly.
The duty officer entered the control area. He made a
quick survey of dozens of television screens monitoring the
progress of the radio search. They had just finished
examining the constellation Hercules. They had peered into
the heart of a great swarm of galaxies far beyond the Milky
Way, the Hercules Cluster-a hundred million light-years
away; they had tuned in on M-13, a swarm of 300,000 stars,
give or take a few, gravitationally bound together, moving
in orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy 26,000 light-years
away; they had examined Ras Algethi, a double system, and
Zeta and Lambda Herculis-some stars different from the Sun,
some similar to it, all nearby. Most of the stars you can
see with the naked eye are less that a few hundred
light-years away. They had carefully monitored hundreds of
little sectors of the sky within the constellation Hercules
at a billion separate frequencies, and they had heard
nothing. In previous years they had searched the
constellations immediately west of Hercules-Serpens, Corona
Borealis, Bo”tes, Canes Venatici... and there also they had
heard nothing.
A few of the telescopes, the duty officer could see,
were devoted to picking up some missed data in Hercules. The
remainder were aiming, boresighted, at an adjacent patch of
sky, the next constellation east of Hercules. To people in
the eastern Mediterranean a few thousand years ago, it had
resembled a stringed musical instrument and was associated
with the Greek culture hero Orpheus. It was a constellation
named Lyra, the Lyre.
The computers turned the telescopes to follow the
stars in Lyra from starrise to starset, accumulated the
radio photons, monitored the health of the telescopes, and
processed the data in a format convenient for their human
operators. Even one duty officer candies, a coffee machine,
a sentence in elvish runes out of Tolkien by the Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford, and a bumper sticker
reading black holes are out of sight, Willie approached the
command console. He nodded pleasantly to the afternoon duty
officer, now collecting his notes and preparing to leave for
dinner. Because the day's data were conveniently summarized
in amber on the master display, there was no need for Willie
to inquire about the progress of the preceding hours.
"As you can see, nothing much. There was a pointing
glitch-at least that's what it looked like-in forty-nine,"
he said, waving vaguely toward the window. "The quasar bunch
freed up the one-tens and one-twenties about an hour ago.
They seem to be getting very good data."
"Yeah, I heard. They don't understand..."
His voice trailed off as an alarm light flashed
decorously on the console in front of them. On a display
marked "Intensity vs. Frequency" a sharp vertical spike was
rising.
"Hey, look, it's a monochromatic signal."
Another display, labeled "Intensity vs. Time,"
showed a set of pulses moving left to right and then off the
screen.
"Those are numbers," Willie said faintly.
"Somebody's broadcasting numbers."
"It's probably some Air Force interference. I saw an
AWACS, probably from Kirtland, about sixteen hundred hours.
Maybe they're spoofing us for fun."
There had been solemn agreements to safeguard at
least some radio frequencies for astronomy. But precisely
because these frequencies represented a clear channel, the
military found them occasionally irresistible. If global war
ever came, perhaps the radio astronomers would be the first
to know, their windows to the cosmos overflowing with orders
to battle-management and damage-assessment satellites in
geosynchronous orbit, and with the transmission of coded
launch commands to distant strategic outposts. Even with no
military traffic, in listening to a billion frequencies at
once the astronomers had to expect some disruption.
Lightning, automobile ignitions, direct broadcast satellites
were all sources of radio interference. But the computers
had their number, knew their characteristics and
systematically ignored them. To signals that were more
ambiguous the computer would listen with greater care and
make sure they matched no inventory of data it was
programmed to understand. Every now and then an electronic
intelligence aircraft on a training mission-sometimes with a
radar dish coyly disguised as a flying saucer camped on its
haunches-would fly by, and Argus would suddenly detect
unmistakable signatures of intelligent life. But it would
always turn out to be life of a peculiar and melancholy
sort, intelligent to a degree, extraterrestrial just barely.
A few moths before, an F-29E with state-of-the-art
electronic countermeasures passed overhead at 80,000 feet
and sounded the alarms on all 131 telescopes. To the
unmilitary eyes of the astronomers, the radio signature had
been complex enough to be a plausible first message from an
extraterrestrial civilization. But they found the
westernmost radio telescope had received the signal a full
minute before the easternmost, and it soon become clear that
it was an object streaking through the thin envelop of air
surrounding the Earth rather than a broadcast from some
unimaginably different civilization in the depths of space.
Almost certainly this one was the same thing.
The fingers of her right hand were inserted into five evenly
spaced receptacles in a low box on her desk. Since the
invention of this device, she was able to save half an hour
a week. But there hadn't really been a great deal to do with
that extra half hour.
"And I was telling Mrs. Yarborough all about it.
She's the one in the next bed, now that Mrs. Wertheimer
passed on. I don't mean to toot my own horn, but I take a
lot of credit for what you've done."
"Yes, Mother."
She examined the gloss on her fingernails and
decided that they needed another minute, maybe a
minute-thirty.
"I was thinking about that time in fourth
grade-remember? When it was pouring and you didn't want to
go to school? You wanted me to write a note the next day
saying you'd been out because you were sick. And I wouldn't
do it. I said, `Ellie, apart from being beautiful, the most
important thing in the world is an education. You can't do
much about being beautiful, but you can do something about
an education. Go to school. You never know what you might
learn today.' Isn't that right?"
"Yes, Mother."
"But, I mean, isn't that what I told you then?"
"Yes, I remember, Mom."
The gloss on her four fingers was perfect, but her
thumb still had a dull matte appearance.
"So I got your galoshes and your raincoat-it was one
of those yellow slickers, you looked cute as a button in
it-and scooted you off to school. And that's the day you
couldn't answer a question in Mr. Weisbrod's mathematics
class? And you got so furious you marched down to the
college library and read up on it till you knew more about
it than Mr. Weisbrod. He was impressed. He told me."
"He told you? I didn't know that. When did you talk
to Mr. Weisbrod?"
"It was a parent-teacher meeting. He said to me,
`That girl of yours, she's a spunky one.' Or words to that
effect. `She got so mad at me, she became a real expert on
it.' `Expert.' That's what he said. I know I told you about
it."
Her feet were propped up on a desk drawer as she
reclined in the swivel chair; she was stabilized only by her
fingers in the varnish machine. She felt the buzzer almost
before she heard it, and abruptly sat up.
"Mom, I gotta go."
"I'm sure I've told you this story before. You just
never pay attention to what I'm saying. Mr. Weisbrod, he was
a nice man. You never could see his good side."
"Mom, really, I've gotta go. We've caught some kind
of bogey."
"Bogey?"
"You know, Mom, something that might be a signal.
We've talked about it."
"There we are, both of us thinking the other one
isn't listening. Like mother, like daughter."
"Bye, Mom."
"I'll let you go if you promise to call me right
after."
"Okay, Mom. I promise."
Through the whole conversation, her mother's need
and loneliness had elicited in Ellie a wish to end the
conversation, to run away. She hated herself for that.
Briskly she entered the control area and approached the main
console.
"Evening, Willie, Steve. Let's see the data. Good.
Now where did you tuck away the amplitude plot? Good. Do you
have the interferometric position? Okay. Now let's see if
there's any nearby star in that field of view. Oh my, we're
looking at Vega. That's a pretty near neighbor."
Her fingers were punching away at a keyboard as she
talked.
"Look, it's only twenty-six light-years away. It's
been observed before, always with negative results. I looked
at it myself in my first Arecibo survey. What's the absolute
intensity? Holy Toledo. That's hundreds of janskys. You
could practically pick that up on your FM radio.
"Okay. So we have a bogey very near to Vega in the
plane of the sky It's at a frequency around 9.2 gigahertz,
not very monochromatic: The bandwidth is a few hundred
hertz. It's linearly polarized and it's transmitting a set
of moving pulses restricted to two different amplitudes."
In response to her typed commands the screen now
displayed the disposition of all the radio telescopes.
"It's being received by 116 individual telescopes.
Clearly it's not a malfunction in one or two of them. Okay,
now we should have plenty of time baseline. Is it moving
with the stars? Or could it be some ELINT satellite or
aircraft?"
"I can confirm sidereal motion, Dr. Arroway."
"Okay, that's pretty convincing. It's not down here
on Earth, and it probably isn't from an artificial satellite
in a Molniya orbit, although we should check that. When you
get a chance, Willie, call up NORAD and see what they say
about the satellite possibility. If we can exclude
satellites, that will leave two possibilities: It's a hoax,
or somebody has finally gotten around to sending us a
message. Steve, do a manual override. Check a few individual
radio telescopes-the signal strength is certainly large
enough-and see if there's any chance this is a hoax; you
know, a practical joke by someone who wishes to teach us the
error of our ways."
"A handful of other scientists and technicians,
alerted on their buzzers by the Argus computer, had gathered
around the command console. There were half smiles on their
faces. None of them was thinking seriously of a message from
another world quite yet, but there was a sense of
no-school-today, a break in the tedious routine to which
they had become accustomed, and perhaps a faint air of
expectation.
"If any of you can think of any other explanation
besides extraterrestrial intelligence, I want to hear about
it," she said, acknowledging their presence.
"There's no way it could be Vega, Dr. Arroway. The
system's only a few hundred million years old. Its planets
are still in the process of forming. There isn't time for
intelligent life to have developed there. It has to be some
background star. Or galaxy."
"But then the transmitter power has to be
ridiculously large," responded a member of the quasar group
who had returned to see what was happening. "We need to get
going right away on a sensitive proper motion study, so we
can see if the radio source moves with Vega."
"Of course, you're right about the proper motion,
Jack," she said. "But there's another possibility. Maybe
they didn't grow up in the Vega system. Maybe they're just
visiting."
"That's no good either. The system is full of
debris. It's a failed solar system or solar system still in
its early stages of development. If they stay very long,
their spacecraft'll be clobbered."
"So they only arrived recently. Or they vaporize
incoming meteorites. Or they take evasive action if there's
a piece of debris on a collision trajectory. Or they're not
in the ring plane but in polar orbit, so they minimize their
encounters with the debris. There's a million possibilities.
But you're absolutely right; we don't have to guess whether
the source is in the Vega system. We can actually find out.
How long will that proper motion study take? By the way,
Steve, this isn't your shift. At least tell Consuela you're
going to be late for dinner."
Willie, who had been talking on the phone at an
adjacent console, was displaying a wan smile. "Well, I got
through to a Major Braintree at NORAD. He swears up and down
they have nothing that'll give this signal, especially not
at nine gigahertz. 'Course, they tell us that every time we
call. Anyway, he says they haven't detected any spacecraft
at the right ascension and declination of Vega."
"What about darks?"
By this time there were many "dark" satellites with
low radar cross sections, designed to orbit Earth
unannounced and undetected until an hour of need. Then they
would serve as backups for launch detection or
communications in a nuclear war, in case the first-line
military satellites dedicated to these purposes were
suddenly missing in action. Occasionally a dark would be
detected by one of the major astronomical radar systems. All
nations would deny that the object belonged to them, and
breathless speculation would erupt that an extraterrestrial
spacecraft had been detected in Earth orbit. As the
Millennium approached, the UFO cults were thriving again.
"Interferometry now rules out a Molniya-type orbit,
Dr. Arroway."
"Better and better. Now let's take a closer look at
those moving pulses. Assuming that this is binary
arithmetic, has anybody converted it into base ten? Do we
know what the sequence of numbers is? Okay, here, we can do
it in our heads... fifty-nine, sixty-one, sixty-seven...
seventy-one... Aren't these all prime numbers?"
A little buzz of excitement circulated through the
control room. Ellie's own face momentarily revealed a
flutter of something deeply felt, but this was quickly
replaced by a sobriety, a fear of being carried away, an
apprehension about appearing foolish, unscientific.
"Okay, let's see if I can do another quick summary.
I'll do it in the simplest language. Please check if I've
missed anything. We have an extremely strong, not very
monochromatic signal. Immediately outside the bandpass of
this signal there are no other frequencies reporting
anything besides noise. The signal is linearly polarized, as
if it's being broadcast by a radio telescope. The signal is
around nine gigahertz, near the minimum in the galactic
radio noise background. It's the right kind of frequency for
anyone who wants to be heard over a big distance. We've
confirmed sidereal motion of the source, so it's moving as
if it's up there among the stars and not from some local
transmitter. NORAD tells us that they don't detect any
satellites-ours or anybody else's-that match the position of
this source. Interferometry excludes a source in Earth orbit
anyway.
"Steve has now looked at the data outside the
automated mode, and it doesn't seem to be a program that
somebody with a warped sense of humor put into the computer.
The region of the sky we're looking at includes Vega, which
is an A-zero main sequence dwarf star. It's not exactly like
the Sun, but it's only twenty-six light-years away, and it
has the prototype stellar debris ring. There are no known
planets, but there certainly could be planets we don't know
anything about around Vega. We're setting up a proper motion
study to see if the source is well behind our line of sight
to Vega, and we should have an answer in-what?-a few weeks
if we're restricted on our own, a few hours if we do some
long-baseline interferometry.
"Finally, what's being sent seems to be a long
sequence of prime numbers, integers that can't be divided by
any other number except themselves and one. No astrophysical
process is likely to generate prime numbers. So I'd say-we
want to be cautious, of course-but I'd say that by every
criterion we can lay our hands on, this looks like the real
thing.
"But there's a problem with the idea that this is a
message from guys who evolved on some planet around Vega,
because they would have had to evolve very fast. The entire
lifetime of the star is only about four hundred million
years. It's an unlikely place for the nearest civilization.
So the proper motion study is very important. But I sure
would like to check out that hoax possibility some more."
"Look," said one of the quasar survey astronomers
who had been hovering in the back. He inclined his jaw to
the western horizon where a faint pink aura showed
unmistakably where the Sun had set. "Vega is going to set in
another couple of hours. It's probably already risen in
Australia. Can't we call Sydney and get them looking at the
same time that we're still seeing it?"
"Good idea. It's only middle afternoon there. And
together we'll have enough baseline for the proper motion
study. Give me that summary printout, and I'll telefax it to
Australia from my office."
With deliberate composure, Ellie left the assembled
group crowded around the consoles and returned to her
office. She closed the door very carefully behind her.
"Holy shit!" she whispered.
"Ian Broderick, please. Yes. This is Eleanor Arroway at
Project Argus. It's something of an emergency. Thanks, I'll
hold on.... Hello, Ian? It's probably nothing, but we have a
bogey here and wonder if you could just check it out for us.
It's around nine gigahertz, with a few hundred hertz
bandpass. I'm telefaxing the parameters now.... You have a
feed good at nine gigahertz already on the dish? That's a
bit of luck.... Yes, Vega is smack in the middle of the
field of view. And we're getting what looks like prime
number pulses.... Really. Okay, I'll hold on."
She considered again how backward the world
astronomical community still was. A joint computer
data-basing system was still not on-line. Its value for
asynchronous telenetting alone would...
"Listen, Ian, while the telescope finishes slewing,
could you set up to look at an amplitude-time plot? Let's
call the low-amplitude pulses dots and the high-amplitude
pulses dashes. We're getting... Yes that's just the pattern
we've been seeing for the last half hour.... Maybe. Well,
it's the best candidate in five years, but I keep
remembering how badly the Soviets got fooled with that Big
Bird satellite incident around '74. Well, the way I
understand it, it was a U.S. radar altimetry survey of the
Soviet Union for cruise missile guidance.... Yes, a terrain
mapper. And the Soviets were picking it up on
omnidirectional antennas. They couldn't tell where in the
sky the signal was coming from. Al they knew was they were
getting the same sequence of pulses from the sky at about
the same time every morning. Their people assured them it
wasn't a military transmission, so naturally they thought it
was extraterrestrial.... No, we've excluded a satellite
transmission already.
"Ian, could we trouble you to follow it for as long
as it's in your sky? I'll talk to you about VLBI later. I'm
going to see if I can't get other radio observatories,
distributed pretty evenly in longitude, to follow it until
it reappears back here.... Yes, but I don't know if it's
easy to make a direct phone call to China. I'm thinking of
sending an IAU telegram.... Fine. Many thanks, Ian."
Ellie paused in the doorway of the control room-they
called it that with conscious irony, because it was the
computers, in another room, that by and large did the
controlling-to admire the small group of scientists who were
talking with great animation, scrutinizing the data being
displayed, and engaging in mild badinage on the nature of
the signal. These were not stylish people, she thought. They
were not conventionally good-looking. But there was
something unmistakably attractive about them. They were
excellent at what they did and, especially in the discovery
process, were utterly absorbed in their work. As she
approached, they fell silent and looked at her expectantly.
The numerals were now being converted automatically from
base 2 to base 10... 881, 883, 887, 907... each one
confirmed as a prime number.
"Willie, get me a world map. And please get me Mark
Auerbach in Cambridge, Mass. He'll probably be at home. Give
him this message for an IAU telegram to all observatories,
but especially to all large radio observatories. And see if
he'll check our telephone number for the Beijing Radio
Observatory. Then get me the President's Science Adviser."
"You're going to bypass the National Science
Foundation?"
"After Auerbach, get me the President's Science
Adviser.'
In her mind she thought she could hear one joyous
shout amidst a clamor of other voices.
By bicycle, small truck, perambulatory mailman, or
telephone, the single paragraph was delivered to
astronomical centers all over the world. In a few major
radio observatories-in China, India, the Soviet Union, and
Holland, for example-the message was delivered by teletype.
As it chattered in, it was scanned by a security officer or
some passing astronomer, torn off, and with a look of some
curiosity carried into an adjacent office. It read:
ANOMALOUS INTERMITTENT RADIO SOURCE
AT RIGHT ASCENSION 18h 34M, DECLINATION
PLUS 38 DEGREES 41 MINUTES, DISCOVERED BY
ARGUS SYSTEMATIC SKY SURVEY. FREQUENCY
9.24176684 GIGAHERTZ, BANDPASS
APPROXIMATELY 430 HERTZ. BIMODAL
AMPLITUDES APPROXIMATELY 174 AND 179
JANSKYS. EVIDENCE AMPLITUDES ENCODE
SEQUENCE OF PRIME NUMBERS. FULL
LONGITUDE COVERAGE URGENTLY NEEDED.
PLEASE CALL COLLECT FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION IN COORDINATING
OBSERVATIONS.
E. ARROWAY, DIRECTOR, PROJECT ARGUS,
SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A.
--
... In 2345, on the 10th anniversary of the Shivan attack
on Ross 128, the Vasudan emperor Khonsu II addressed the
newly formed GTVA General Assembly. The emperor inaugurated
an ambiguous and unprecedented joint endeavor: the GTVA
Colossus...
※ 来源:.The unknown SPACE bbs.mit.edu.[FROM: 204.91.54.100]
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