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发信人: emanuel (小飞象), 信区: SFworld
标 题: Fountains of Paradise - Afterword
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Thu Jul 13 13:10:19 2000), 转信
发信人: Sandoval (Companion Protector), 信区: SciFiction
标 题: Fountains of Paradise - Afterword
发信站: The unknown SPACE (Tue May 30 01:02:14 2000) WWW-POST
AFTERWORD
SOURCES AND ACKOWLEDGMENTS
The writer of historical fiction has a peculiar
responsibility to his readers, especially when he is dealing
with unfamiliar times and places. He should not distort
facts or events, when they are known; and when he invents
them, as he is often compelled to do, it is his duty to
indicate th dividing line between imagination and reality.
The writer of science fiction has the same
responsibility, squared. I hope that these notes will not
only discharge that obligation but also add to the reader's
enjoyment.
Taprobane and Ceylon
For dramatic reasons, I have made three trifling changes
to the geography of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). I have moved the
island eight hundred kilometres south, so that it straddles
the equator - as indeed it did twenty million years ago, and
may some day do again. At the moment it lies between six and
ten degrees north.
In addition, I have doubled the height of the Sacred
Mountain, and moved it closer to "Yakkagala". For both
places exist, very much as I have described them.
Sri Pada, or Adam's Peak, is a striking cone-shaped
mountain sacred to the Buddhists, the Muslims, the Hindus
and the Christians, and bearing a small temple on its
summit. Inside the temple is a stone slab with a depression
which, though two metres lon, is reputed to be the
footprint of the Buddha.
Every year, for many centuries, thousands of pilgrims
have made the long climb to the 2,240-metre-high summit. The
ascent is no longer dangerous for there are two stairways
(which must surely be the longest in the world) to the very
top. I have climbed once, at the instigation of the New
Yorker's Jeremy Bernstein (see his Experiencing Science),
and my legs were paralysed for several days afterwards. But
it was worth the effort, for we were lucky enough to see the
beautiful and awe-inspiring spectacle of the peak's shadow
at dawn - a perfectly symmetrical cone visible only for the
few minutes after sunrise, and stretching almost to the
horizon on the clouds far below.
I have since explored the mountain with much less effort
in a Sri Lanka Air Force helicopter, getting close enough to
the temple to observe the resigned expressions on the faces
of the monks, now accustomed to such noisy intrusions.
The rock fortress of Yakkagla is actually Sigiriya (or
Sigiri, "Lion Rock"), the reality of which is so astonishing
that I have had no need to change it in any way. The only
liberties I have taken are chronological, for the palace on
the summit was (according to the Sinhalese Chronicle the
Culavarnsa) built during the reign of the parricide King
Kasyapa I (AD 478-495). However, it seems incredible that so
vast an undertaking could have been carried out in a mere
eighteen years by a usurper expecting to be challenged at
any moment, and the real history of Sigiriya may well go
back for many centuries before these dates.
The character, motivation and actual fate of Kasyapa
have been the subject of much controversy, recently fuelled
by the posthumous The Story of Sigiri (Lake House, Colombo,
1972), by the Sinhalese scholar Professor Senerat
Paranavitana. I am also indebted to his monumental
two-volume study of the inscriptions on the Mirror Wall,
Sigiri Graffiti (Oxford University Press, 1956). Some of the
veres I have quoted are genuine; other I have only slightly
invented.
The frescoes which are Sigiriya's greatest glory have
been handsomely reproduced in Ceylon: Paintings from Temple,
Shrine and Rock (New York Graphic Society/UNESCO, 1957).
Plate V shows the most interesting - and the one, alas,
destroyed in the 1960's by unknown vandals. The attendant is
clearly listening to the mysterious hinged box she is
holding in her right hand; it remains unidentified, the
local archaeologists refusing to take seriously my
suggestion that it is an early Sinhalese transistor radio.
The legend of Sigiriya has recently been brought to the
screen by Dimitri de Grunwald in his production The God
King, with Leigh Lawson as a very impressive Kasyapa.
The Space Elevator
This apparently outrageous concept was first presented
to the West in a letter in the issue of Science for 11
February 1966, "Satellite Elongation into a True 'Sky-Hook'
", by John D. Isaacs, Hugh Bradner and Georg B. Backus of
Scripps Institute of Oceanography, and Allyn C. Vine of
Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institute. Though it may seem odd
that oceanographers should get involved with such an idea,
this is not surprising when one realises that they are about
the only people (since the great days of barrage balloons)
who concern themselves with very long cables hanging under
their own weight. (Dr. Allyn Vine's name, incidentally is
now immortalised in that of the famous research submersible
"Alvin".) It was later discovered that the concep had
already been developed six years earlier - and on a much
more ambitious scale - by a Leningrad engineer, Y. N.
Artsutanov (Komsomolskaya Pravda, 31 July 1960). Artsutanov
considered a "heavenly funicular", to use his engaging name
for the device, lifting no less than 12,000 tons a day to
synchronous orbit. It seems surprising that this daring idea
received so little publicity; the only mention I have ever
seen of it is in the handsome volume of paintings by Alexei
Leonov and Sokolov, The Stars are Awaiting Us (Moscow 1967).
ne colour plate (page 25) shows the "Space Elevator" in
action; the caption reads: ". . . the satellite will, so to
say, stay fixed in a certain point in the sky. If a cable is
lowered from the satellite to the earth you will have a
ready cable-road. An 'Earth-Sputnik-Earth' elevator for
freight and passengers can then be built, and it will
operate without any rocket propulsion."
Although General Leonov gave me a copy of his book at
the Vienna "Peaceful Uses of Space" Conference in 1968, the
idea simply failed to register onme - despite the fact that
the elevator is shown hovering exactly over Sri Lanka! I
probably thought that Cosmonaut Leonov, a noted humorist*,
was just having a little joke.
- - - - - - - -
* Also a superb diplomat. After the Vienna screening he
made quite the nicest comment on 2001 I've ever heard: "Now
I feel I've been in space twice." Presumably after the
Apollo-Soyuz mission he would say "three times".
- - - - - - - -
The space elevator is quite clearly an idea whose time
has come, as is demonstrated by th fact that within a
decade of the 1966 Isaacs letter it was independently
re-invented at least three times. A very detailed treatment,
containing many new ideas, was published by Jerome Pearson
of Wright-Paterson Air Force Base in Acta Astronautica for
September-October 1975 ("The Orbital Tower; a spacecraft
launcher using the Earth's rotational energy"). Dr. Pearson
was astonished to hear of the earlier studies, which his
computer survey had failed to locate; he discovered them
through reading my own testimony to the House of
Reresentatives Space Committee in July 1975. (See The View
From Serendip.)
Six years earlier (Journal of the British Interplanetary
Society, Vol. 22, pp. 442-457, 1969) A. R. Collar and J. W.
Flower had come to essentially the same conclusions in their
paper "A (Relatively) Low Altitude 24-hour Satellite". They
were looking into the possibility of suspending a
synchronous communications satellite far below the natural
36,000 kilometre altitude, and did not discuss taking the
cable all the way down to the surface of the earth, ut this
is an obvious extension of their treatment.
And now for a modest cough. Back in 1963, in an essay
commissioned by UNESCO and published in Astronautics for
February 1964, "The World of the Communications Satellite"
(now available in Voices From the Sky), I wrote: "As a much
longer term possibility, it might be mentioned that there
are a number of theoretical ways of achieving a
low-altitude, twenty-four-hour satellite; but they depend
upon technical developments unlikely to occur in this
century. I leave their contempation as an exercise for the
student."
The first of these "theoretical ways" was, of course,
the suspended satellite discussed by Collar and Flower. My
crude back-of-an-envelope calculations, based on the
strength of existing materials, made me so sceptical of the
whole idea that I did not bother to spell it out in detail.
If I had been a little less conservative - or if a larger
envelope had been available - I might have been ahead of
everyone except Artsutanov himself.
As this book is (I hope) more of a novel than an
ngineering treatise, those who wish to go into technical
details are referred to the now rapidly expanding literature
on the subject. Recent examples include Jerome Pearson's
"Using the Orbital Tower to Launch Earth-Escape Payloads
Daily" (Proceedings of the 27th International Astronautical
Federation Congress, October 1976) and a remarkable paper by
Hans Moravec, "A Non-Synchronous Orbital Skyhook" (American
Astronautical Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 18-20
October 1977).
I am much indebted to my friends the late A V. Cleaver
of Rolls-Royce, Dr. Ing. Harry 0. Ruppe, Professor of
Astronautics at the Technical University of Munich's
Lehrstuhl für Raumfahrttechnic, and Dr. Alan Bond of the
Culham Laboratories for their valuable comments on the
Orbital Tower. They are not responsible for my
modifications.
Walter L. Morgan (no relation to Vannevar Morgan, as far
as I know) and Gary Gordon of the COMSAT Laboratories, as
well as L. Perek of the United Nations' Outer Space Affairs
Division, have provided most useful information on the
stableregions of the synchronous orbit; they point out that
natural forces (particularly sun-moon effects) would cause
major oscillations, especially in the north-south
directions. Thus "Taprobane" might not be as advantageous as
I have suggested; but it would still be better than anywhere
else.
The importance of a high-altitude site is also
debatable, and I am indebted to Sam Brand of the Naval
Environmental Prediction Research Facility, Monterey, for
information on equatorial winds. If it turns out that the
Tower could be safelytaken down to sea level, then the
Maldivian island of Gan (recently evacuated by the Royal Air
Force) may be the twenty-second century's most valuable
piece of real estate.
Finally, it Seems a very strange - and even scary -
coincidence that, years before I ever thought of the subject
of this novel, I myself should have unconsciously gravitated
(sic) towards its locale. For the house I acquired a decade
ago on my favourite Sri Lankan beach (see The Treasure of
the Great Reef and The View From Serendip) is at precisely
the clsest spot on any large body of land to the point of
maximum geosynchronous stability.
So in my retirement I hope to watch the other
superannuated relics of the Early Space Age, milling around
in the orbital Sargasso Sea immediately above my head.
Colombo
1969-1978
And now, one of those extraordinary coincidences I have
learned to take for granted.
While correcting the proofs of this novel, I received
from Dr. Jerome Pearson a copy of NASA Technical Memorandum
TM-75174, "A Space 'Necklace' About the Eart" by G.
Polyakov. This is a translation of "Kosmicheskoye
'Ozherel'ye' Zemli", published in Teknika Moloa'ezhi, No 4,
1977, pp. 41-43.
In this brief but stimulating paper, Dr. Polyakov, of
the Astrakhan Teaching Institute, describes in precise
engineering details Morgan's final vision of a continuous
ring around the world. He sees this as a natural extension
of the space elevator, whose construction and operation he
also discusses in a manner virtually identical with my own
treatment.
I salute tovarich Polyakov, and am eginning to wonder
if - yet again, I have been too conservative. Perhaps the
Orbital Tower may be an achievement of the twenty-first
century, not the twenty-second.
Our own grandchildren may demonstrate that - sometimes -
Gigantic is Beautiful.
Colombo
18 September 1978
--
... In 2345, on the 10th anniversary of the Shivan attack
on Ross 128, the Vasudan emperor Khonsu II addressed the
newly formed GTVA General Assembly. The emperor inaugurated
an ambiguous and unprecedented joint endeavor: the GTVA
Colossus..
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