SFworld 版 (精华区)
发信人: champaign (原野), 信区: SFworld
标 题: Under the sea 27
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Fri Oct 22 07:48:19 1999), 转信
发信人: Mojun (寻找mili的mickey), 信区: SFworld
标 题: Under the sea 27
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Sun Apr 5 15:53:12 1998) WWW-POST
CHAPTER IV.
THE RED SEA.
IN THE course of the day of January 29, the Island of Ceylon
disappeared under the horizon, and the Nautilus, at a speed of
twenty miles an hour, slid into the labyrinth of canals which separate
the Maldives from the Laccadives. It coasted even the Island of
Kiltan, a land originally madreporic, discovered by Vasco da Gama in
1499, and one of the nineteen principal islands of the Laccadive
Archipelago, situated between 10 degrees and 14 degrees 30' north
latitude, and 69 degrees 50' 72" east longitude.
We had made 16,220 miles or 7,500 (French) leagues from our
starting point in the Japanese Seas.
The next day (January 30), when the Nautilus went to the surface
of the ocean, there was no land in sight. Its course was N.N.E., in
the direction of the Sea of Oman, between Arabia and the Indian
Peninsula, which serves as an outlet to the Persian Gulf. It was
evidently a block without any possible egress. Where was Captain
Nemo taking us? I could not say. This, however, did not satisfy the
Canadian, who that day came to me asking where we were going
"We are going where our captain's fancy takes us, Master Ned."
"His fancy cannot take us far, then," said the Canadian. "The
Persian Gulf has no outlet; and if we do go in, it will not be long
before we are out again."
"Very well, then, we will come out again, Master Ned; and if,
after the Persian Gulf, the Nautilus would like to visit the Red
Sea, the Straits of Bab-el-mandeb are there to give us entrance."
"I need not tell you, sir," said Ned Land, "that the Red Sea is as
much closed as the Gulf, as the Isthmus of Suez is not yet cut; and if
it was, a boat as mysterious as ours would not risk itself in a
canal cut with sluices. And again, the Red Sea is not the road to take
us back to Europe."
"But I never said we were going back to Europe."
"What do you suppose, then?"
"I suppose that, after visiting the curious coasts of Arabia and
Egypt, the Nautilus will go down the Indian Ocean again, perhaps cross
the Channel of Mozambique, perhaps off the Mascarenhas, so as to
gain the Cape of Good Hope."
"And at the Cape of Good Hope?" asked the Canadian, with
peculiar emphasis.
"Well, we shall penetrate into that Atlantic which we do not yet
know. Ah! friend Ned, you are getting tired of this journey under
the sea; you are surfeited with the incessantly varying spectacle of
submarine wonders. For my part, I shall be sorry to see the end of a
voyage which it is given to so few men to make."
For four days, till February 3, the Nautilus scoured the Sea of
Oman, at various speeds and at various depths. It seemed to go at
random, as if hesitating as to which road it should follow, but we
never passed the tropic of Cancer.
In quitting this sea we sighted Maskat for an instant, one of
the most important towns of the country of Oman. I admired its strange
aspect, surrounded by black rocks upon which its white houses and
forts stood in relief. I saw the rounded domes of its mosques, the
elegant points of its minarets, its fresh and verdant terraces. But it
was only a vision! the Nautilus soon sank under the waves of that part
of the sea.
We passed along the Arabian coast of Mahrah and Hadramaut, for a
distance of six miles, its undulating line of mountains being
occasionally relieved by some ancient ruin. On February 5 we at last
entered the Gulf of Aden, a perfect funnel introduced into the neck of
Bab-el-mandeb, through which the Indian waters entered the Red Sea.
On February 6, the Nautilus floated in sight of Aden, perched upon
a promontory which a narrow isthmus joins to the mainland, a kind of
inaccessible Gibraltar, the fortifications of which were rebuilt by
the English after taking possession in 1839. I caught a glimpse of the
octagon minarets of this town, which was at one time, according to the
historian Edrisi, the richest commercial magazine on the coast.
I certainly thought that Captain Nemo, arrived. at this point,
would back out again; but I was mistaken, for he did no such thing,
much to my surprise.
The next day, February 7, we entered the Straits of Bab-el-mandeb,
the name of which, in the Arab tongue, means "The gate of tears."
To twenty miles in breadth, it is only thirty-two in length. And
for the Nautilus, starting at full speed, the crossing was scarcely
the work of an hour. But I saw nothing, not even the Island of
Perim, with which the British Government has fortified the position of
Aden. There were too many English or French steamers of the line of
Suez to Bombay, Calcutta to Melbourne, and from Bourbon to the
Mauritius, furrowing this narrow passage, for the Nautilus to
venture to show itself. So it remained prudently below. At last, about
noon, we were in the waters of the Red Sea.
I would not even seek to understand the caprice which had
decided Captain Nemo upon entering the gulf. But I quite approved of
the Nautilus entering it. Its speed was lessened; sometimes it kept on
the surface, sometimes it dived to avoid a vessel, and thus I was able
to observe the upper and lower parts of this curious sea.
On February 8, at the first dawn of day, Mocha came in sight,
now a ruined town, whose walls would fall at a gunshot, yet which
shelters here and there some verdant date trees; once an important
city, containing six public markets, and twenty-six mosques, and whose
walk, defended by fourteen forts, formed a girdle of two miles in
circumference.
The Nautilus then approached the African shore, where the depth of
the sea was greater. There, between two waters clear as crystal,
through the open panels we were allowed to contemplate the beautiful
bushes of brilliant coral, and large blocks of rock clothed with a
splendid fur of green algae and fuci. What an indescribable spectacle,
and what variety of sites and landscapes along these sand banks and
volcanic islands which bound the Libyan coast! But where these
shrubs appeared in all their beauty was on the eastern coast, which
the Nautilus soon gained. It was on the coast of Tehama, for there not
only did this display of zoophytes flourish beneath the level of the
sea, but they also formed picturesque interlacings which unfolded
themselves about sixty feet above the surface, more capricious but
less highly colored than those whose freshness was kept up by the
vital power of the waters.
What charming hours I passed thus at the window of the saloon!
What new specimens of submarine flora and fauna did I admire under the
brightness of our electric lantern!
There grew sponges of all shapes, pediculated, foliated, globular,
and digital. They certainly justified the names of baskets, cups,
distaffs, elk's horns, lion's feet, peacock's tails, and Neptune's
gloves, which have been given to them by the fishermen, greater
poets than the savants.
Other zoophytes which multiply near the sponges consist
principally of medusae of a most elegant kind. The mollusks were
represented by varieties of the calmar (which, according to Orbigny,
are peculiar to the Red Sea); and reptiles by the virgata turtle, of
the genus of cheloniae, which furnished a wholesome and delicate
food for our table.
As to the fish, they were abundant, and often remarkable. The
following are those which the nets of the Nautilus brought more
frequently on board:
Rays of a red-brick color, with bodies marked with blue spots, and
easily recognizable by their double spikes; some superb caranxes,
marked with seven transverse bands of, jet-black, blue and yellow
fins, and gold and silver scales; mullets with yellow heads; gobies,
and a thousand other species, common to the ocean which we had just
traversed.
On February 9, the Nautilus floated in the broadest part of the
Red Sea, which is comprised between Suakin, on the west coast, and
Koomfidah, on the east coast, with a diameter of ninety miles.
That day at noon, after the bearings were taken, Captain Nemo
mounted the platform, where I happened to be, and I was determined not
to let him go down again without at least pressing him regarding his
ulterior projects. As soon as he saw me he approached, and
graciously offered me a cigar.
"Well, Sir, does this Red Sea please you? Have you sufficiently
observed the wonders it covers, its fishes, its zoophytes, its
parterres of sponges, and its forests of coral? Did you catch a
glimpse of the towns on its borders?"
"Yes, Captain Nemo," I replied; "and the Nautilus is wonderfully
fitted for such a study. Ah! it is an intelligent boat!"
"Yes, Sir, intelligent and invulnerable. It fears neither the
terrible tempests of the Red Sea, nor its currents, nor its sand
banks."
"Certainly," said I, "this sea is quoted as one of the worst,
and in the time of the ancients, if I am not mistaken, its
reputation was detestable."
"Detestable, M. Aronnax. The Greek and Latin historians do not
speak favorably of it, and Strabo says it is very dangerous during the
Etesian winds, and in the rainy season. The Arabian Edrisi portrays it
under the name of the Gulf of Colzoum, and relates that vessels
perished there in great numbers on the sand banks, and that no one
would risk sailing in the night. It is, he pretends, a sea subject
to fearful hurricanes, strewn with inhospitable islands, and 'which
offers nothing good either on its surface or in its depths.' Such,
too, is the opinion of Arrian, Agatharcides, and Artemidorus."
"One may see," I replied, "that these historians never sailed on
board the Nautilus."
"Just so," replied the captain, smiling; "and in that respect
moderns are not more advanced than the ancients. It required many ages
to find out the mechanical power of steam. Who knows if, in another
hundred years, we may not see a second Nautilus? Progress is slow,
M. Aronnax."
"It is true," I answered; "your boat is at least a century
before its time, perhaps an era. What a misfortune that the secret
of such an invention should die with its inventor!"
Captain Nemo did not reply. After some minutes' silence he
continued-
"You were speaking of the opinions of ancient historians upon
the dangerous navigation of the Red Sea."
"It is true," said I; "but were not their fears exaggerated?"
"Yes and no, M. Aronnax," replied Captain Nemo, who seemed to know
the Red Sea by heart. "That which is no longer dangerous for a
modern vessel, well rigged, strongly built, and master of its own
course, thanks to obedient steam, offered all sorts of perils to the
ships of the ancients. Picture to yourself those first navigators
venturing in ships made of planks sewn with the cords of the palm
tree, saturated with the grease of the sea dog, and covered with
powdered resin They had not even instruments wherewith to take their
bearings, and they went by guess amongst currents of which they
scarcely knew anything. Under such conditions shipwrecks were, and
must have, been, numerous. But in our time, steamers running between
Suez and the South Seas have nothing more to fear from the fury of
this gulf, in spite of contrary trade winds. The captain and
passengers do not prepare for their departure by offering propitiatory
sacrifices: and, on their return, they no longer go ornamented with
wreaths and gilt fillets to thank the gods in the neighboring temple."
"I agree with you," said I; "and steam seems to have killed all
gratitude in the hearts of sailors. But, Captain, since you seem to
have especially studied this sea, can you tell me the origin its
name?"
"There exist several explanations on the subject, M. Aronnax.
Would you like to know the opinion of a chronicler of the fourteenth
century?"
"Willingly."
"This fanciful writer pretends that its name was given to it after
the passage of the Israelites, when Pharaoh perished in the waves
which closed at the voice of Moses."
"A poet's explanation, Captain Nemo," I replied; "but I cannot
content myself with that. I ask you for your personal opinion."
"Here it is, M. Aronnax. According to my idea, we must see in this
appellation of the Red Sea a translation of the Hebrew word 'Edom';
and if the ancients gave it that name, it was on account of the
particular color of its waters."
"But up to this time I have seen nothing but transparent waves and
without any particular color."
"Very likely; but as we advance to the bottom of the gulf, you
will see this singular appearance. I remember seeing the Bay of Tor
entirely red, like a sea of blood."
"And you attribute this color to the presence of a microscopic
seaweed?"
"Yes; it is a mucilaginous purple matter, produced by the restless
little plants known by the name of trichodesmia, and of which it
requires 40,000 to occupy the space of a square .04 of an inch.
Perhaps we shall meet some when we get to Tor."
"So, Captain Nemo, it is not the first time you have overrun the
Red Sea on board the Nautilus?"
"No, Sir."
"As you spoke a while ago of the passage of the Israelites, and of
the catastrophe to the Egyptians, I will ask whether you have met with
traces under the water of this great historical fact?"
"No, Sir; and for a very good reason."
"What is it?"
"It is, that the spot where Moses and his people passed is now
so blocked up with sand, that the camels can barely bathe their legs
there. You can well understand that there would not be water enough
for my Nautilus."
"And the spot?" I asked.
"The spot is situated a little above the Isthmus of Suez, in the
arm which formerly made a deep estuary, when the Red Sea extended to
the Salt Lakes. Now, whether this passage were miraculous or not,
the Israelites, nevertheless, crossed there to reach the Promised
Land, and Pharaoh's army perished precisely on that spot and I think
that excavations made in the middle of the sand would bring to light a
large number of arms and instruments of Egyptian origin."
"That is evident," I replied; "and for the sake of
archaeologists let us hope that these excavations will be made
sooner or later, when new towns are established on the isthmus,
after the construction of the Suez Canal; a canal, however, very
useless to a vessel like the Nautilus."
"Very likely; but useful to the whole world," said Captain Nemo.
"The ancients well understood the utility of a communication between
the Red Sea and the Mediterranean for their commercial affairs: but
they did not think of digging a canal direct, and took the Nile as
an intermediate. Very probably the canal which united the Nile to
the Red Sea was begun by Sesostris, if we may believe tradition.
One thing is certain, that in the year 615 before Jesus Christ,
Necos undertook the works of an alimentary canal to the waters of
the Nile, across the plain of Egypt, looking toward Arabia, It took
four days to go up this canal, and it was so wide that two triremes
could go abreast. It was carried on by Darius, the son of Hystaspes,
and probably finished by Ptolemy II. Strabo saw it navigated; but
its decline from the point of departure, near Bubastes, to the Red Sea
was so slight, that it was only navigable for a few months in the
year. This canal answered all commercial purposes to the age of
Antoninus, when it was abandoned and blocked up with sand. Restored by
order of the Caliph Omar, it was definitively destroyed in 761 or
762 by Caliph Al-Mansor, who wished to prevent the arrival of
provisions to Mohammed-ben-Abdallah, who had revolted against him.
During the expedition into Egypt, your General Bonaparte discovered
traces of the works in the Desert of Suez; and surprised by the
tide, he nearly perished before regaining Hadjaroth, at the very place
where Moses had encamped three thousand years before him."
"Well, Captain, what the ancients dared not undertake, this
junction between the two seas, which will shorten the road from
Cadiz to India, M. de Lesseps has succeeded in doing; and before
long he will have changed Africa into an immense island."
"Yes, M. Aronnax; you have the right to be proud of your
countryman. Such a man brings more honor to a nation than great
captains. He began, like so many others, with disgust and rebuffs; but
he has triumphed, for he has the genius of will. And it is sad to
think that a work like that, which ought to have been an international
work, and which would have sufficed to make a reign illustrious,
should have succeeded by the energy of one man. All honor to M. de
Lesseps!"
"Yes, honor to the great citizen!" I replied, surprised by the
manner in which Captain Nemo had just spoken.
"Unfortunately," he continued, "I cannot take you through the Suez
Canal; but you will be able to see the long jetty of Port Said after
tomorrow, when we shall be in the Mediterranean."
"The Mediterranean!" I exclaimed.
"Yes, Sir; does that astonish you?"
"What astonishes me is to think that we shall be there the day
after tomorrow."
"Indeed?"
"Yes, Captain, although by this time I ought to have accustomed
myself to be surprised at nothing since I have been on board your
boat."
"But the cause of this surprise?"
"Well I it is the fearful speed you will have to put on the
Nautilus, if the day after tomorrow she is to be in the Mediterranean,
having made the round of Africa, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope!"
"Who told you that she would make the round of Africa, and
double the Cape of Good Hope, Sir?"
"Well, unless the Nautilus sails on dry land, and passes above the
isthmus"-
"Or beneath it, M. Aronnax."
"Beneath it?"
"Certainly," replied Captain Nemo, quietly. "A long time ago
Nature made under this tongue of land what man has this day made on
its surface."
"What! such a passage exists?"
"Yes; a subterranean passage, which I have named the Arabian
Tunnel. It takes us beneath Suez, and opens into the Gulf of
Pelusium."
"But this isthmus is composed of nothing but quicksands?"
"To a certain depth. But at fifty-five yards only, there is a
solid layer of rock."
"Did you discover this passage by chance?" I asked, more and
more surprised.
"Chance and reasoning, Sir; and by reasoning even more than by
chance. Not only does this passage exist, but I have profited by it
several times. Without that I should not have ventured this day into
the impassable Red Sea. I noticed that in the Red Sea and in the
Mediterranean there existed a certain number of fishes of a kind
perfectly identical- ophidia, fiatoles, girelles, and exocoeti.
Certain of that fact, I asked myself was it possible that there was no
communication between the two seas? If there was, the subterranean
current must necessarily run from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean,
from the sole cause of difference of level. I caught a large number of
fishes in the neighborhood of Suez. I passed a copper ring through
their tails, and threw them back into the sea. Some months later, on
the coast of Syria, I caught some of my fish ornamented with the ring.
Thus the communication between the two was proved. I then sought for
it with my Nautilus; I discovered it, ventured into it, and before
long, Sir, you too will have passed through my Arabian tunnel!"
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