AI 版 (精华区)
发信人: yale (Builder), 信区: AI
标 题: Advice to young scientists
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sun Dec 7 10:29:11 2003), 站内信件
南京大学小百合站 -- 文章阅读 [讨论区: DataMining]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
发信人: GzLi(笑梨), 信区: DataMining. 本篇人气: 122
标 题: [转载] Advice to young scientists
发信站: 南京大学小百合站 (Fri Dec 5 19:33:53 2003)
【 以下文字转载自 GzLi 的信箱 】
【 原文由 <GzLi@smth.edu.cn> 所发表 】
来 源: 211.68.16.32
发信人: raceqh (山之子), 信区: Postdoc
标 题: Advice to young scientists ZZ
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Sat Nov 29 19:10:58 2003), 站内
"Four golden rules for scientists at the beginning of their careers"
Nature 426, 389 (27 November 2003); doi:10.1038/426389a
Scientist: Four golden lessons
STEVEN WEINBERG
When I received my undergraduate degree — about a hundred years ago — the p
hysics literature seemed to me a vast, unexplored ocean, every part of which
I had to chart before beginning any research of my own. How could I do anythi
ng without knowing everything that had already been done? Fortunately, in my
first year of graduate school, I had the good luck to fall into the hands of
senior physicists who insisted, over my anxious objections, that I must start
doing research, and pick up what I needed to know as I went along. It was si
nk or swim. To my surprise, I found that this works. I managed to get a quick
PhD — though when I got it I knew almost nothing about physics. But I did l
earn one big thing: that no one knows everything, and you don't have to.
Another lesson to be learned, to continue using my oceanographic metaphor, is
that while you are swimming and not sinking you should aim for rough water.
When I was teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late
1960s, a student told me that he wanted to go into general relativity rather
than the area I was working on, elementary particle physics, because the prin
ciples of the former were well known, while the latter seemed like a mess to
him. It struck me that he had just given a perfectly good reason for doing th
e opposite. Particle physics was an area where creative work could still be d
one. It really was a mess in the 1960s, but since that time the work of many
theoretical and experimental physicists has been able to sort it out, and put
everything (well, almost everything) together in a beautiful theory known as
the standard model.
My advice is to go for the messes — that's where theaction is.
My third piece of advice is probably the hardest to take. It is to forgive yo
urself for wasting time. Students are only asked to solve problems that
their
professors (unless unusually cruel) know to be solvable. In addition, it doe
sn't matter if the problems are scientifically important — they have to be s
olved to pass the course. But in the real world, it's very hard to know which
problems are important, and you never know whether at a given moment in hist
ory a problem is solvable. At the beginning of the twentieth century, several
leading physicists, including Lorentz and Abraham, were trying to work out a
theory of the electron. This was partly in order to understand why all attem
pts to detect effects of Earth's motion through the ether had failed. We now
know that they were working on the wrong problem. At that time, no one could
have developed a successful theory of the electron, because quantum mechanics
had not yet been discovered. It took the genius of Albert Einstein in 1905 t
o realize that the right problem on which to work was the effect of motion on
measurements of space and time. This led him to the special theory of relati
vity. As you will never be sure which are the right problems to work on, most
of the time that you spend in the laboratory or at your desk will be wasted.
If you want to be creative, then you will have to get used to spending most
of your time not being creative, to being becalmed on the ocean of scientific
knowledge.
Finally, learn something about the history of science, or at a minimum the hi
story of your own branch of science. The least important reason for this is
t
hat the history may actually be of some use to you in your own scientific wor
k. For instance, now and then scientists are hampered by believing one of the
over-simplified models of science that have been proposed by philosophers fr
om Francis Bacon to Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper. The best antidote to the phi
losophy of science is a knowledge of the history of science.
More importantly, the history of science can make your work seem more worthwh
ile to you.As a scientist, you're probably not going to get rich.. Your frien
ds and relatives probably won't understand what you're doing. And if you work
in a field like elementary particle physics, you won't even have the satisfa
ction of doing something that is immediately useful. But you can get great sa
tisfaction by recognizing that your work in science is a part of history.
Look back 100 years, to 1903. How important is it now who was Prime Minister
of Great Britain in 1903, or President of the United States? What stands out
as really important is that at McGill University, Ernest Rutherford and Frede
rick Soddy were working out the nature of radioactivity. This work (of course
!) had practical applications, but much more important were its cultural impl
ications. The understanding of radioactivity allowed physicists to explain ho
w the Sun and Earth's cores could still be hot after millions of years. In th
is way, it removed the last scientific objection to what many geologists and
paleontologists thought was the great age of the Earth and the Sun. After thi
s, Christians and Jews either had to give up belief in the literal truth of t
he Bible or resign themselves to intellectual irrelevance. This was just one
step in a sequence of steps from Galileo through Newton and Darwin to the pre
sent that, time after time, has weakened the hold of religious dogmatism. Rea
ding any newspaper nowadays is enough to show you that this work is not yet c
omplete. But it is civilizing work, of which scientists are able to feel prou
d.
*****************************************************************************
Steven Weinberg is in the Department of Physics, the University of Texas at A
ustin, Texas 78712, USA. This essay is based on a commencement talk given by
the author at the Science Convocation at McGill University in June 2003.
--
※ 修改:·raceqh 于 Nov 29 19:12:53 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.231.230]
※ 修改:·raceqh 于 Nov 29 19:26:52 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.231.230]
※ 修改:·raceqh 于 Nov 29 19:27:16 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.231.230]
※ 修改:·raceqh 于 Nov 29 19:28:17 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.231.230]
※ 修改:·raceqh 于 Nov 29 19:29:07 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.231.230]
※ 修改:·raceqh 于 Nov 29 19:30:00 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.231.230]
※ 修改:·raceqh 于 Nov 29 19:30:32 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.231.230]
※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 smth.org·[FROM: 202.204.20.65]
--
※ 来源:.南京大学小百合站 bbs.nju.edu.cn [FROM: 211.68.16.32]
--
※ 转载:.南京大学小百合站 bbs.nju.edu.cn.[FROM: 202.120.8.48]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
[转寄][转贴][删除][修改文章][改标题][上一篇][本讨论区][下一篇][回文章][转载到我
的blog][主题列表][同主题阅读]
--
曾经有一份真诚的爱情放在我面前,我没有珍惜,
等我失去的时候我才后悔莫及,
人世间最痛苦的事莫过于此。
如果上天能够给我一个再来一次的机会,我会对那个女孩子说三个字:
我 爱 你 !
如果非要在这份爱上加上一个期限,我希望是……
※ 来源:.哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn [FROM: 218.7.3.41]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:3.432毫秒