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发信人: bage (网事如疯·春心萌动), 信区: AerospaceScience
标 题: SpaceViews -- 2000 December 18(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2000年12月22日17:11:05 星期五), 转信
【 以下文字转载自 bage 的信箱 】
【 原文由 hitsma@0451.com 所发表 】
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S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 2000.51
2000 December 18
http://www.spaceviews.com/2000/1218/
*** News ***
Mission Accomplished: Endeavour Lands Safely at Kennedy Space
Center
Mir Backers Will Shift Focus to ISS
Russians React to Mir's Planned Demise Next Year
Brainpool Puts $7.5 Million Down for Space Game Show
China Plans Manned Space Flight in Five Years
Space Leaders Urge Next U.S. President and Congress to Make
Space Policy a Priority
Pluto, Europa Missions Vie for Priority at NASA
Twin X-33 Engines Ready to Rumble
Mars Global Surveyor Ready for Extended Mission
*** Articles ***
NASA's Secret Plan: A Roadmap Beyond the Space Station
Supermaterials Repel Space Dangers
*** Editor's Note ***
This issue of SpaceViews is the last issue that I will publish as
editor. I am stepping aside from "SpaceViews", and its new parent
company "SPACE.com", to pursue other ventures.
I took over the editorship of "SpaceViews" in the fall of 1993. The
publication was the newsletter of the Boston chapter of the National
Space Society, which also happened to go out by e-mail to a handful of
people. Over time, "SpaceViews" evolved to become an online source of
news and articles, not just for a small group of enthusiasts and
activists but a much larger group that included professionals in
industry, academia and government, as well as ordinary people looking
for an additional source of space information.
Publishing "SpaceViews" entailed many hours of hard work -- the
equivalent, arguably, of a full-time job, even though the newsletter
was never my primary job, or even a major source of income. (I
currently make my living as a software developer for a Boston-area
Internet company; an unexpected application of an MIT PhD in planetary
science! :-) The lessons I learned and the experience I gained with
"SpaceViews" have proved invaluable, and the many kind words I
received from readers by e-mail and in person made this a uniquely fun
experience. If what I've done has played even the smallest role in
establishing a spacefaring civilization, then all that hard work was
worth it.
"SPACE.com" plans to merge "SpaceViews" content into the news portion
of its main website. This section will include many cutting-edge
industry sources and feature expanded coverage beyond "SpaceViews'"
traditional scope.
The space-news and space-science content, which you have come to rely
on in "SpaceViews," can now be found in "SPACE.com's" Astronomy and
Mission/Launches sections. "SPACE.com" has at its command rich
journalistic resources. Along with its own talented staff of writers,
reporters and freelance journalists, as well as wire service access,
it also can tap into its print publications, "Space News" and "Space
Business International," to enhance its comprehensive and continuously
updated daily coverage. "SPACE.com" also recently added the content
and archives of "Florida Today's" "Space Online" to its growing list
of credentials.
All these additions to "SPACE.com" offer cutting edge, up to the
moment expanded coverage beyond the traditional scope of "SpaceViews".
If you have comments about "SPACE.com" news coverage, you can contact
Anthony Duignan-Cabrera, Managing Editor at thoughts@space.com.
If you have any personal questions or comments, or have interest in
any of my future plans, feel free to e-mail me at my personal address
-- jfoust@alum.mit.edu. I can't guarantee an immediate reply,
particularly during the holiday season, but all your feedback will be
appreciated. Whether it be in a personal or professional capacity, I
hope our paths cross again.
Ad Astra,
Jeff Foust
*********************
*** News ***
Mission Accomplished: Endeavour Lands Safely at Kennedy Space Center
By Todd Halvorson
Cape Canaveral Bureau Chief
SPACE.com
Shuttle Endeavour's astronauts glided to a sundown landing at
Kennedy Space Center Monday, capping a huge comeback year for NASA's
$60 billion International Space Station construction project.
With trademark twin sonic booms signaling the astronaut's
arrival, Endeavour arced out over the Atlantic Ocean and then made a
plunging final approach to a floodlit concrete runway.
The biggest, most powerful and most expensive solar wings ever
hauled into orbit also were unfurled and activated at the 13-story
outpost, quintupling the amount of electricity available to the
station's first full-time crew.
"Outstanding job," astronaut Gus Loria told the astronauts
from NASA's Mission Control Center in Houston. "Welcome back."
Coming 10 days, 19 hours and 58 minutes after the shuttle's
Nov. 30 launch, the landing marked the finish of an ambitious six-
month bid to get the fledgling station up and operating in earnest.
Flying vacant since its first two building blocks were linked
in orbit in late 1998, the station began to grow exponentially in July
with the long-delayed delivery of a Russian crew module, which doubled
the size of the outpost.
A visiting construction crew outfitted the new crew quarters
in September. Another in October added a new shuttle docking port and
the first piece of the station's metal backbone, which eventually will
span an area longer than a football field.
The station's first tenants -- U.S. astronaut Bill Shepherd
and two Russian cosmonauts, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev -- took
up residence at the outpost Nov. 2. Then Endeavour's crew showed up
with the station's new American-made electrical power plant.
And in between it all, a pair of Russian space freighters
trucked up to the outpost with food, water and clothing as well as
tons of station equipment and other sundry supplies.
Said Shepherd: "It's been a pretty fantastic run of great
missions."
What a difference a year makes.
In December 1999, NASA was struggling to launch a Hubble Space
Telescope repair mission after five months of exhaustive wiring
inspections that effectively grounded the agency's entire four-orbiter
shuttle fleet.
"And it occurred to me that here we are feasting upon the
opportunity to launch shuttles on a regular basis," said NASA shuttle
program manager Ron Dittemore.
The hectic pace, meanwhile, actually is expected to pick up in
2001 as NASA and its 15 international partners launch another dozen
station construction and resupply flights.
Coming up next: The U.S. Destiny laboratory, which will serve
as the scientific heart of the station. The bus-sized lab is to be
launched aboard shuttle Atlantis in mid January.
"We are one gigantic step closer to [launching] what can be
the most sophisticated laboratory ever in space," said Milt Heflin,
NASA's deputy chief flight director. "We right on the brink of doing
that, thanks to what we've gotten to on this mission."
A Canadian construction crane, three Italian moving vans, a
spare parts warehouse and an airlock will be added on to the
burgeoning complex before the winter of 2001. And by the end of next
year, the outpost -- which is known by the radio call sign "Alpha" --
is expected to swell to the size of a three-bedroom ranch house.
"We're going to continue to build this space station over the
coming months," said senior NASA project manager Bob Cabana. "And
although it's an awesome facility right now, by this time next year,
it will truly be a functioning space station doing real science up
there on a regular basis."
That's not to say, however, that NASA doesn't expect a few
bumps in the road -- or that the upcoming construction missions are
going to get any easier.
"The complexity of the flights continues to increases as the
station assembly progresses," said Dittemore. "We're going to raise
the bar, so to speak, and that's going to be true on every mission we
come forward with in the near future."
All in all, another 40 U.S. shuttle and Russian rocket
missions will be required to build the station, which eventually will
weigh 480 tons and cover an area as large as a New York city block.
Construction now is scheduled to be finished up in April 2006,
and dozens of Russian resupply ships will be launched during that time
to support rotating research crews.
And Endeavour mission specialist Marc Garneau -- who plans to
retire from NASA's astronaut corps -- is just glad he had a hand in
helping to raise the infant station.
"I think this is the beginning of something very, very big,"
said Garneau, who became the first Canadian to fly in space in 1984.
"And when I'm old and rickety and sitting in a rocking chair, I'll
think back at the time that I was involved with the beginning of space
station Alpha."
Mir Backers Will Shift Focus to ISS
By Leonard David
Senior Science Writer
SPACE.com
MirCorp, an international company that has been devoted to
keeping the Mir space station open for commercial business is now
turning its attention to the International Space Station (ISS) to help
foster public space travel.
MirCorp, a joint venture between the Gold & Appel Transfer
S.A. holding company and RKK Energia -- Russia's largest space systems
manufacturer.
The company, which is also backed by wealthy entrepreneurs
Chirinjeev Kathuria and Walt Anderson, is expected to announce a new
strategy for the firm given the likely deorbiting of Russia's Mir
station early next year.
Rumors are circulating that MirCorp has worked a deal between
Russia's Energia and Spacehab [SPAB], a U.S. firm, to fund and utilize
the yet-to-be-built and launched Enterprise module -- which Spacehab
and the Russian company RKK Energia first announced plans to build in
December 1999.
Other sources contend that the company may build and fly a
separate module near the ISS.
Let's make a deal?
But Shelly Harrison, Spacehab's chairman and chief executive
officer, told SPACE.com that any agreement regarding use by MirCorp of
the Enterprise module is news to him.
As for MirCorp wanting to fund the Enterprise module, no such
deal has been struck.
"If they have that interest, they haven't yet clearly voiced
it to me," Harrison said. "If they want to be a customer, or have some
closer involvement, we are willing to have that discussion, but we
would appreciate that they do it not in the press, but do it as
business to business."
Harrison said that MirCorp's business prospects on Mir "are
terminal."
"They are finally reconciled to the fact that Mir is coming
down and that's it for their aspirations to run things on Mir," he
said.
An enterprising idea
In 2003, Spacehab and Energia are slated to make available the
first commercially developed and operated module to the ISS.
Attached to Russia's side of the ISS, the Enterprise module
will be 27 feet (8.2 meters) long and 9.5 feet (2.9 meters) in
diameter and provide over 1,800 cubic feet (51 cubic meters) of
working volume on board the ISS.
The interior of the commercial module will be partitioned into
three segments: one outfitted to host a variety of microgravity
research facilities; an area for stowage and/or crew support and a
large volume that will serve as the multimedia center housing the
first media studio in orbit.
It is from this module that Spacehab will conduct business-to-
business transactions. Accommodations will also be available on the
module's outside surface for un-pressurized stowage and research.
In a press statement issued December 12, MirCorp confirmed
that, due to the demise of the Mir station, the company will "cease
the marketing" of the Russian complex.
MirCorp's board of directors touted its own success in
"attracting major customers in tourism and in the media," and
reaffirmed its intention to continue MirCorp operations.
Among a roster of new objectives noted in the statement,
MirCorp is to pursue the development and use of a human-tended module
capable of docking with the ISS. Also, the group plans to create a
commercial infrastructure that supports the ISS, such as use of
communication satellites and a space tether.
The MirCorp board stated that where possible, all existing
customers will have their programs fully implemented.
Bags packed, Mr. Tito?
Spacehab's Harrison said that MirCorp could work through
Enermedia, a joint venture between Energia and Spacehab's Space Media,
Inc.
Space Media has been established to create proprietary content
from and about space for television broadcast and Internet
distribution via the Enterprise module. Target audiences range from
students and space enthusiasts to major corporations.
Enermedia has been formed to bridge the period between now and
when the Enterprise module is linked to the ISS, Harrison said. By
working through Enermedia, he said, Spacehab might explore ways to
help MirCorp fulfill its interest in flying Dennis Tito as a paying
customer.
However, Peggy Wilhide, NASA's associate administrator in the
Office of Public Affairs, told SPACE.com that MirCorp had not
approached the space agency about flying people to the ISS.
Wilhide said that there are both bilateral and multilateral
organizations that must okay individuals destined to board the ISS.
"These groups must approve all individuals traveling to the
ISS whether or not they are expedition crews or visiting crews,"
Wilhide said.
Non-interference basis
Spacehab's Harrison said the Enterprise module will be open
for business as a commercial spot attached to the Russian side of the
ISS.
To avoid any obstructions, the other ISS member states will
coordinate with NASA.
The Enterprise module will actually add value to NASA and its
partners, Harrison said.
"We're more the steady player and have learned to do things
on-shuttle, and we're now doing things on the station. We're moving
along and building a venue and a capability up there. We're open to
customers coming to us," Harrison said.
"What MirCorp is doing, I don't know. If they are a good
customer and they play by the rules, we welcome them to come in and
talk to us,. If they want to be a customer aboard Enterprise -- and
that makes sense -- then fine."
Russians React to Mir's Planned Demise Next Year
By Yuri Karash
Moscow Contributing Correspondent
SPACE.com
The suggestion that a kamikaze cosmonaut will crash the Mir
space station into the Empire State Building is among the more extreme
responses recently heard in Russia in reaction to the outpost's
planned demise next year.
Launched into orbit in 1986, Mir is to be brought down in a
controlled, but fiery reentry through Earth's atmosphere in late
February so that any surviving chunks of debris fall harmlessly into
the Pacific Ocean.
Long a symbol of Russian pride, ending the life of the Mir
space station is not universally accepted by folks in and around
Moscow, with the most outlandish reaction coming from the communist
newspaper Zavtra.
In recent editions, the newspaper says it has obtained
information from the Federal Security Service that a cosmonaut will
guide Mir through Earth's atmosphere to crash into Manhattan, thus
destroying "world evil" and "free" Russia from foreign occupation.
Impossible, say Russian space officials.
"I think that Zavtra definitely exaggerates the precision of
the Mir space station diving," said Sergey Zhukov, a director at the
Russian Technology Transfer Center, an organization which is in charge
of all licensing and patenting activities of the Russian Aviation and
Space Agency (Rosaviacosmos).
"Even if a cosmonaut decides to stay on board the station on a
kamikaze mission and crash it into Empire State Building, he may end
up crashing it in a beach hotel somewhere in Hawaii or in casino in
Bangkok," Zhukov said. "However, speaking seriously, I was of a higher
opinion of Zavtra's competence. This story shows that its editors have
no clue in the dynamic and control of spaceflight, to say at least."
A more balanced opinion on Mir's imminent loss comes from Ivan
Safronov -- an aerospace observer for the Russian newspaper Kommersant
-- who does not believe the decision to deorbit Mir was made at the
right time and by the right people.
"Those who initiated this decision lack the necessary
technical competence to make a conclusion regarding Mir's technical
health," Safronov said. "Besides, Mir still has a lot of useful
equipment which, instead of being used, will be dropped into the
ocean."
Nevertheless, the State Interdepartmental Commission on Mir
Orbital Outpost Operation formally okayed the long-unfolding plan on
Friday in a document that included the approving signature of Yuri
Semenov, president and general designer of RKK Energia, the company
responsible for building and operating Mir.
The plan must now be submitted to the Russian government for
acceptance, an event expected to take place sometime early this week.
According to the plan, a Progress resupply ship will be
launched to Mir and automatically dock with the station. Rocket
engines aboard that Progress will be used to send Mir diving into
Earth's atmosphere to burn up, aiming any surviving debris toward an
open area of the South Pacific.
The final plunge is targeted for some time between February 26
and 28.
The Progress launch is expected in mid January. The spacecraft
is scheduled to be shipped from its factory near Moscow to the
Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan by the end of this week.
However, if Mir's on-board computer malfunctions, or if the
automated Progress spacecraft does not properly dock to the station, a
crew of two cosmonauts will be scrambled to Mir to manually set the
station on its crash-dive.
For such an eventuality, a Soyuz TM-32 spacecraft is available
at Baikonur. Slated to pull the plug on Mir are mission commander
Salizhan Sharipov and flight engineer Pavel Vinogradov. The backup
crew is Talgat Musabayev (mission commander) and Yuri Baturin
(cosmonaut-researcher).
Although the plan seems final, there are still folks actively
seeking a reprieve of the station's death sentence.
"As long as Russia has its own space station, it will remain a
great space power," said V.I. Bodyakin, a researcher at the Institute
for the Study of Management.
To extend Mir's life, Bodyakin offered to equip Mir with ion-
powered rocket engines and move it to lunar orbit in order to use the
station as a transit outpost during flights to distant planets in the
solar system. He also proposed that some Eurasian countries, such as
China and India, might assist in the continued operation of Mir.
Another reaction comes from V.M. Vishnyakov, deputy chairman
of the People's Charity Fund for the Preservation of the Mir Space
Station.
Vishnyakov advocates limiting Russia's participation in the
International Space Station (ISS) program and diverting those funds to
keep Mir operational through 2005. After that, Russia could
concentrate on designing and building its own orbital outpost.
Brainpool Puts $7.5 Million Down for Space Game Show
by Reuters
for SPACE.com
Germany's Brainpool TV said on Tuesday it would pay aerospace
group EADS unit Astrium GmbH a deposit of $7.5 million towards the
cost of flying seven game show winners into space.
Contestants chosen through a series of game shows will be
flown to the International Space Station on Russian Soyuz rockets.
Seven flights with one contestant per flight are planned
between 2002 and 2008 as part of a new television show the production
company is planning to launch.
Brainpool would not confirm how much each flight would cost,
but said it would be comparable to the current cost of a trip to
Russian Mir space station, which is $20 million.
Brainpool subsidiary space TV will market the rights to the
project. The company does not have a contract yet to broadcast the
show, according to Brainpool Chief Executive Officer Joerg Grabosch.
Brainpool will spend 100 million marks ($45.81 million) on 120
planned shows in Germany and 25 million marks on related sponsoring.
The shows will also be available in Britain, France, Spain and Italy.
The firm expects sales worth hundreds of millions of marks for
each participating country, Grabosch said.
Space TV will finance the project through merchandising,
licensing and other related projects. The subsidiary is also open to
partnerships with other firms to help cover the costs, Grabosch said.
China Plans Manned Space Flight in Five Years
by Reuters
for SPACE.com
China aims to put an astronaut into space in the next five
years, state media said on Wednesday, setting an official timetable
for the first time.
State radio and the Xinhua news agency said several unmanned
spacecraft would be launched starting next year before the manned
flight. They gave no further details.
The reports also said China would launch more than 30
satellites between 2001 and 2005.
Chinese leaders are eager for the pride and prestige that
would come if China joined the United States and former Soviet Union
as the only countries to put a person into space.
A government policy "white paper" on space last month said
only that China would establish a manned spaceflight program over the
next 20 years.
That document also said China planned to become a leading
player in space exploration and commerce by building mainly on its
homegrown rocket and satellite program.
A top aerospace official said last month that China would soon
put a person into space, perhaps "at the beginning of the 21st
century."
"It will not be long before Chinese astronauts can ride
locally made spaceships into space," said vice president of China
Aerospace Science Technology Corp, Hu Hongfu.
In November last year, China successfully launched an unmanned
spaceship, Shenzhou.
State radio said China had so far launched 47 domestically
made satellites, developed the "Long March" series of rockets and
established three launch sites.
China, which has launched satellites for U.S. and Brazilian
operators, is vying for a bigger slice of the lucrative market for
launching commercial satellites.
Its launch industry was given a major boost last month when
the United States waived sanctions against China for past missile
technology transfers to Iran and Pakistan. That move opened the way
for the United States to resume processing licenses for commercial
space cooperation with Chinese firms.
Space Leaders Urge Next U.S. President and Congress to Make Space
Policy a Priority
By Stew Magnuson and Jeremy Singer
Spacenews.com Staff Writers
A number of American government and industry officials are
seeking basic changes in the way Congress, the Pentagon and the White
House oversee U.S. space activity. And they want these changes to be a
high priority when the new American president and Congress take office
in January.
David Thompson, president and chief executive officer of
Orbital Sciences Corp. [ORB], Dulles, Virginia, said in a recent
speech in Washington that the next presidential administration's top
priority should be shifting the responsibility for satellite export
licenses from the U.S. State Department back to the U.S. Department of
Commerce.
The Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999
categorized satellites as weapons and transferred jurisdiction over
satellite exports from Commerce to State in the wake of allegations
that sensitive U.S. missile technology was falling into the wrong
hands through satellite exports.
"The new president should waste no time in working with the
107th Congress to effect the transfer of this responsibility back to
Commerce," Thompson said at a speech to the Washington Space Business
Round Table Dec. 7.
Thompson said the industry has lost more than $1 billion of
new international satellite procurement opportunities in the past 18
months, along with an almost equal amount of canceled contracts
previously awarded to U.S. suppliers.
Structural changes suggested
The next president also should consider reviving a national
space council, Thompson said.
Texas Gov. George Bush has signaled that he would revive a
body similar to the National Space Council, which was eliminated by
U.S. President Bill Clinton's administration in 1993. Vice President
Al Gore's advisers have said the president will direct space policy
himself, Thompson noted. A space council would be able to resolve
intra-agency disputes such as the satellite export law, he added.
Air Force Maj. Gen. Brian Arnold, director of space and
nuclear deterrence in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air
Force for Acquisition, agrees that a space council or similar body is
needed. The advantage, Arnold said, is that a White House-level
council can monitor the numerous federal agencies involved in space
issues.
The White House also should consider adding a special
assistant for space to its National Security Council, Arnold said.
This new position could oversee military and intelligence space
issues, while the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
could focus on civil and commercial issues, he said.
Internally, the Pentagon should establish a Defense Space
Council, headed by the deputy secretary of defense and the vice
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, with participation from the
director of central intelligence and others, Arnold said. The senior
leaders would set a focused vision for the Pentagon's space
operations, Arnold said.
Military space programs also would have a higher priority on
Capitol Hill if Congress added an aerospace power subcommittee to one
of its existing committees, Arnold said. The Pentagon would also
benefit from a space power caucus on the Hill, which could advocate
for space issues in the same way that existing caucuses support naval
and air power, he said.
However, a Senate aide said that space already is a top
priority for the Senate Armed Services Strategic Forces Subcommittee,
and that a new subcommittee is unnecessary. While Senate members need
more education on the importance of space programs, progress already
has been made in this area and is expected to continue, the aide said.
A plea for modernization, funding
In addition to the organizational changes, the Pentagon needs
more money for its space programs, Arnold said. The military has
received increased funding for other emerging priorities in the past,
such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Cold War, he said.
The Department of Defense also needs to step up the pace of
modernization of space systems, such as the Global Positioning System,
said Sen. Wayne Allard (R-Colorado).
"It is clear the Department of Defense has not adequately
stepped up to modernization of key space systems," Allard said at a
Dec. 7 Space Round Table sponsored by Arlington, Virginia-based
ProSpace and The Space Frontier Foundation in Studio City, California.
Because military space systems often are expensive, they tend
to be the first items cut from a budget. The next administration needs
to recognize the importance of space systems to the military and fully
fund them, he said.
Allard also said steps should be taken to keep qualified space
specialists in the military as more personnel leave to take up careers
in other industries.
"There's a need to strengthen the space career field and
provide incentives for space specialists to remain in the field," he
said at the ProSpace Round Table.
Money for Mars
Lori Garver, NASA associate administrator for Policy and
Plans, said the agency is gearing up for a manned mission to Mars, but
needs a consistent budget to pursue this goal.
"It's quite clear that [NASA] has set our sights on Mars... we
believe that other exploration with humans must depend on a continued
budget, however," Garver said at the ProSpace Round Table.
"NASA has in the area of human exploration been, I think,
fairly consistent in our view that we should open up new frontiers,
leaving behind those technologies and opportunities for the private
sector," Garver added.
NASA will continue to move toward privatization of Earth-orbit
enterprises, such as the space shuttle and International Space
Station, while looking towards a Mars, Garver said.
Meanwhile, the next administration and Congress will have to
wrestle with issues such as patents, licensing and intellectual
property resulting from research derived from the space station,
Garver said.
"Everybody believes in commercialization [of the International
Space Station]. It's a question of how we do it," Garver said.
Pluto, Europa Missions Vie for Priority at NASA
By Brian Berger
Space News Staff Writer
NASA's plan for exploring the outer planets is being tugged in
two directions, with one group eager to make Pluto the top priority
and a second group just as strongly in favor of first launching a
mission to Jupiter's icy moon Europa.
Scientists and space activists are pressuring NASA not to
forfeit the chance to send a probe to Pluto in 2004, even if that
means postponing the launch of the Europa mission for several years.
Launching in 2004, they insist, is the best chance to avoid a two-
decade wait for data about the most distant planet in the solar
system.
"Europa doesn't lose much of anything by waiting," said Alan
Stern, director of the department of space studies at the Southwest
Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas. "But Pluto loses
dramatically."
The other side, however, which counts among its supporters the
senior NASA officials creating a new roadmap for the Outer Planets
program, says it makes more sense to first tackle the Europa mission.
"They are both high priorities, but from the beginning of the
Outer Planets program, it has been clear that the Europa Orbiter has
been the linchpin mission," said Doug Stetson, program manager for
solar system exploration at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena
(JPL), California.
NASA's plan for exploring the outer planets had called for
launching the Europa Orbiter in 2003 followed by the Pluto-Kuiper
Express (PKE) in 2004. But that changed in September when NASA
directed JPL to stop work on the Pluto mission, citing concern about
the technical challenges and rising cost of the project.
NASA ordered JPL to concentrate instead on a plan for getting
the Europa Orbiter's costs under control while delaying the mission as
little as possible. Arrival at Pluto, the only planet in the solar
system not visited by spacecraft, would be delayed until no later than
2020, NASA officials said.
NASA is not expected to decide before January which of the two
missions will be the first to fly. However, the agency officials busy
charting a new course for the troubled Outer Planets program have been
laboring under the assumption that the Europa Orbiter -- not the
Pluto-Kuiper Express -- will be the first of the two spacecraft to
leave the launch pad.
Stetson said his team will present NASA Headquarters this
month with several options for launching the Europa Orbiter as early
as 2007 without busting the agency's budget of about $1.2 billion over
five years for the Outer Planets program.
In every option developed by JPL, Stetson said, the Europa
Orbiter would be launched first, followed several years later by a
redesigned Pluto mission.
The primary objective of the Europa Orbiter mission is to
verify that a liquid ocean lies beneath the moon's icy crust. Some
planetary scientists and astrobiologists contend that if life is to be
found beyond Earth, Europa is a very good place to start the search.
The possibility of such a scientifically tantalizing new frontier for
future spacecraft missions helped NASA sell the Outer Planets program
to the White House and Congress, several scientists said.
But other scientists argue that does not mean Pluto cannot be
launched first. Michael Drake, a NASA science advisor and director of
the department of planetary sciences at the University of Arizona in
Tucson, said good science dictates that the Pluto Kuiper Express
mission be the first Outer Planets mission off the launch pad.
"We need to return the Europa data first," Drake said. "But
what we don't necessarily need to do is launch the Europa Orbiter
first."
The flight to Europa would take about three years. The Pluto
trip is expected to take at least seven years, and possibly much
longer if the spacecraft is not launched until the end of the decade.
Drake said NASA should launch the Pluto probe in late 2004 to
take advantage of a planetary alignment that would provide a maximum
Jupiter gravity assist that would significantly reduce the travel time
to Pluto. A 2004 launch would also give the mission the best shot at
viewing Pluto's little-understood atmosphere before it freezes and
collapses as the planet swings further into space in its 248-year
orbit around the Sun.
Unlike the other eight planets in the solar system which have
circular orbits, Pluto has a highly elliptical orbit that at apogee
vastly increases its distance from the Sun and Earth.
If JPL does not come up with a way to fit both missions into
NASA's budget without pushing the Pluto-Kuiper Express out to the end
of the decade, then NASA ought to consider opening the Pluto mission
up to competition, Drake said.
"If JPL cannot do that after it scrubs its numbers, we believe
it is important to open it up to serious competition to see if
somebody could possibly find a way of implementing [Pluto-Kuiper
Express] and Europa more effectively," Drake said.
JPL's Stetson is skeptical that reopening the competition
would cure what ails both missions. "We don't think there is a
significant cost reduction to be achieved through competition. We've
squeezed out as much as we can," he said.
Drake, who serves as chairman of NASA's Space Science Advisory
Committee's Solar System Exploration Subcommittee, made his case for
moving the Pluto mission to the head of the line in a Nov. 27 letter
to NASA's senior space science officials.
"There are parts of the letter that are unarguable," said Jay
Bergstrahl, director of solar system exploration at NASA Headquarters
here. "The part that there is no scientific reason for putting Europa
ahead of [Pluto-Kuiper Express] is true."
But, Bergstrahl said, there are reasons for postponing the
Pluto mission until later in the decade, including a concern that NASA
may not be able to qualify an expendable rocket by 2004 to carry a
nuclear-powered spacecraft like the Pluto-Kuiper Express.
Still, Bergstrahl said Drake's proposal is one of the options
that will be considered when an executive committee briefs NASA's
space science chief, Ed Weiler, on ideas for restructuring the Outer
Planets program.
Colleen Hartman, deputy director of research in NASA's Office
of Space Science and chairwoman of the Outer Planets Re-planning
Committee, said nothing has been specifically ruled out. "What we are
trying to do on the executive committee is pry the door open and make
sure it stays open to any good ideas right to the end," she said.
Hartman's committee has not assigned anyone to analyze the
cost and other programmatic implications of Drake's "Pluto first"
proposal. "Right now we are concentrating on what it will take to do
the Europa Orbiter mission," she said, adding that NASA Headquarters,
JPL and the other centers have plenty of information on what the Pluto
mission would cost.
"It's pretty clear at this point that we cannot afford to do
[Pluto-Kuiper Express] now," she said. "The Europa Orbiter is first."
Weiler is expected to decide on a new course that will put the Outer
Planets program back on track in January.
"I get the impression that we've made a lot of headway with
NASA and that the public interest [in Pluto] has really caught them a
little bit by surprise," said Lou Friedman, director of the Pasadena,
California-based Planetary Society, which mounted a campaign this fall
to save PKE. "I get the feeling they are legitimately trying to be
fair and consider all options."
Some proponents of the "Pluto first" approach said the future
of the Outer Planets program hangs in the balance.
"NASA has to take a step back and look at what sequence of
launches yields data returns from Europa and Pluto with the shortest
possible interval between them," said Jonathan Lunine, a University of
Arizona planetary science professor who chaired the PKE science
definition team for NASA in 1995. "An Outer Planets program with a
nine-to-10-year gap before the next mission returns data is not really
a program."
Twin X-33 Engines Ready to Rumble
By Leonard David
Senior Space Writer
SPACE.com
Two novel linear aerospike engines are ready to roar, perhaps
putting more life into NASA's trouble-plagued X-33 rocketplane
program.
The aerospike motors are mounted side by side in a test stand
at NASA's Stennis Space Center, in Mississippi. This first tandem
firing test is set for early next year, to be followed by at least
nine more tests of the twin rocket power plants.
The X-33 relies on two aerospike engines. The upcoming firing
is considered a program milestone in propelling the rocketplane
skyward in 2003.
Eventually, longer engine-burn tests will mimic durations
required to launch the pilotless X-33 from an Edwards Air Force Base,
California, takeoff point to landings in either Utah or Montana.
Once the engines are fully certified and ready for flight,
they are to be shipped to Palmdale, California, where the X-33 is
being built.
"The vehicle is in excellent shape, sitting in Palmdale," said
Gene Austin, NASA's X-33 program manager. "The engine tests are
another significant mark in our program."
Austin said the importance of the X-33 to lower the cost of
access to space is at the heart of the project. "We're trying to
change the nature of how we get into space," he said.
Don Chenevert, NASA's X-33 program manager for aerospike
engine testing at Stennis Space Center, told SPACE.com that the first
ignition test will be very brief, 1.2-second test. That burp of the
engines is planned for sometime in January. This set of aerospike
engines are the actual units that will carry the X-33 into space.
"Based on that, we would go on out and continue to do the
remaining 10 tests throughout the rest of 2001. At the later part of
next year we will ship those engines to California," he said.
A main hurdle for the engines is to perform for 210 seconds.
That is the length of time the engines must fire for X-33 to begin a
series of suborbital test hops in 2003.
Mike McKeon, X-33 aerospike engine program manager at
Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power, The Boeing Company, in Canoga Park,
California, said that the aerospike engine tests are important to the
future of space transportation. If the engines don't move forward and
are not used on X-33 due to a program shutdown, "we would try to sell
aerospike technology to whoever wanted to use them. It's a significant
technology and it will be around for a long time," he said.
Previously, more than a dozen single-engine tests of an
earlier version of the unique aerospike engine have been completed.
The linear aerospike XRS-2200 engines are developed by the
Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power Unit of the Boeing Company.
Ramping up
The difference between the linear aerospike engine and a
conventional rocket engine is the shape of the nozzle. For the
aerospike motor, the nozzle is V-shaped and called a ramp.
Hot gases are shot from chambers along the outside of the
ramp's surface. This movement of hot gases along the ramp produces
thrust along the length of the ramp -- hence the name linear
aerospike.
Aerospike engines are considered more efficient and effective
than today's rocket engines.
During launch, the plume spewed from aerospike engines can
widen with decreasing atmospheric pressure as the X-33 hurtles through
the sky. Doing so means the aerospike engines can maintain more
efficient thrust throughout the vehicle's flight.
Hope runs high
The X-33 is being built under cooperative agreement between
NASA and the Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co. As a shrunk-down version
of a reusable single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle, the X-33 is
evaluating key technologies and concepts for a commercially developed
and operated spaceliner -- the VentureStar.
Hope still runs high that the X-33 will take to the skies,
carrying out its first suborbital flight sometime in 2003. The project
was begun in July 1996 and first billed to fly in July 1999.
But troubles have plagued the X-33 spaceplane project.
Aerospike engine development woes and concerns over the craft's weight
and stability, along with other technical snags, have slowed the X-
33's fabrication.
Program overhaul
X-33's critical composite liquid-hydrogen tank failed in
November 1999, a problem that spurred a major overhaul of the program.
In late September, after much debate, NASA and Lockheed Martin
agreed to move forward on the X-33. The vehicle will now carry yet-to-
be-built hydrogen tanks made of aluminum, replacing the composite
version.
In restructuring the X-33 program, NASA and Lockheed Martin
will carry on work through March 31 of next year. At that time,
Lockheed Martin must compete for additional funds for X-33 work
through NASA's newly funded Space Launch Initiative.
Without NASA monies -- or more funds poured into the project
by Lockheed Martin -- it is not clear whether the craft becomes "ex-
33" -- more a museum piece than a tried-and-true rocketplane.
Mars Global Surveyor Ready for Extended Mission
By Leonard David
Senior Space Writer
SPACE.com
NASA has given a thumbs-up for an extension of the Mars Global
Surveyor's (MGS) mission to study the Red Planet until April 2002.
Doing so enables scientists to zoom in on prospective touchdown zones
for future robotic landers.
MGS is to end a nominal assignment of mapping the planet from
orbit for one Martian year on February 1, 2001. Mars takes 687 Earth
days to travel around the Sun, making a Martian year almost two Earth
years long.
Cost of putting the MGS on an extended mission is $16.2
million.
Launched in November 1996, MGS has been dutifully swinging
round and round the fourth planet from the Sun since September 1997.
After MGS arrived in Mars' orbit, however, a balky solar panel
slowed down the process of aerobraking the spacecraft into the desired
orbit for carrying out its prime science-taking tasks.
Also, problems with a dish-shaped high-gain communication
antenna early in the MGS mission reduced the full flow of imagery and
science data relayed back to Earth.
Data gaps
"The extended mission allows us to fill in the gaps and
complete the global inventory of Mars," said Jim Garvin, Mars
exploration program scientist at NASA Headquarters. "MGS will be able
to look across seasonal boundaries, where we have repeat seasonal
coverage, to look for changes," he told SPACE.com.
Bruce Jakosky, an astrobiologist at the University of Colorado
in Boulder, said MGS' emphasis will be placed on making measurements
to support future missions, such as likely landing sites.
"I think it's clear from the science results announced this
year that MGS is having a tremendous positive impact on our
understanding of Mars. So keeping the spacecraft active and getting
more scientists involved in analyzing data is imperative," Jakosky
said.
Paul Hertz, program executive for MGS at NASA Headquarters,
said that the Mars probe received high marks for its productivity,
with a go-ahead given to lengthen its mission from February 2001 to
April 2002.
"During the prime mission of MGS, about 1 percent of the
surface of Mars was mapped at high-resolution by the camera. We want
to take high-resolution pictures of a whole lot of places. So the
science we expect to gain from the extended mission is obviously of
high value," Hertz said.
Upsetting the Gods of Mars
Garvin said that the MGS is a healthy spacecraft and will be
targeted "more aggressively" starting in February. One top look-see is
focusing in on gullies and channels that appear to have been carved
out in recent Mars history. The prospect that liquid water may exist
close to the Martian surface was announced last June.
Since that announcement, more gullies have been found, Garvin
said, although what has caused the features is hotly debated.
"There might have been 150 to 200 of these things seen at
first, but the number has doubled. That's because we know how to find
them and also where to look," Garvin said.
There is no need for Mars to go to charm school.
The allure of the Red Planet is that it continues to provoke
quarrels among planetary scientists decades after the Viking Mars
missions in 1976.
"There are 25 years of Viking-inspired legacies by some of the
gods of Mars research," Garvin said. "The minute you change a paradigm
and move things to new time epochs, there is resistance. That's what
we want, once these guys fall prey to the MGS drug, if you will," he
said.
Laser looking
Not only will follow-on photos of Mars surface features be
possible thanks to the MGS mission extension.
MGS carries a laser altimeter that can detect elevation
variations in the polar caps. The caps are altered by seasonal
changes.
Garvin said that the MGS laser may discern the amount of
water, specifically at the northern perennial cap of Mars, which is
composed mainly of water ice. "To get that mass balance of water at
the north pole of Mars would be unbelievable," he said.
A high priority for MGS is cranking out high-resolution photos
of landing sites, Garvin said, not only for the 2003 twin rover
missions, but the long-range mobile laboratory in 2007.
A new landing site steering committee has recently been put
together. Future MGS up-close imagery can help this group select Mars
spots that offer high science yet are also safe to land in, Garvin
said.
Close-up inspection
MGS pictures unveiled earlier this month suggest layers of
sedimentary rock indicative of numerous lakes and shallow seas that
may have once dotted Mars.
"What's new about these images is that for the first time they
show really good evidence of ancient water-lain sediments in many
places on the planet," said Steve Squyres, planetary scientist at
Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
"Water-lain sediments are great at preserving a record of past
geologic conditions, and they are also among the best places to go if
you're looking for evidence of ancient life," Squyres said.
Squyres is principal investigator for the Athena payload to be
hauled by the 2003 rovers. He said that sedimentary materials are
ideal for close-up inspection by Athena's instruments.
"These materials are at latitudes where we can land, and tend
to cover pretty broad areas," Squyres said.
"I expect the Mars geology community is going to be looking at
those areas very hard in the months ahead. I'm hopeful that we'll find
some places like this where we can land and do some good science,"
Squyres said.
As for the importance to the scientific community of extending
the MGS mission, Squyres is to the point.
"More data!," he said.
**** Articles ***
NASA's Secret Plan: A Roadmap Beyond the Space Station
By Leonard David
Senior Space Writer
SPACE.com
NASA is blueprinting a matrix of steps for sending human
explorers beyond low Earth orbit. The hush-hush planning is designed
to give the next president of the United States options for shaping
the space agency's agenda beyond the International Space Station.
Elements of what NASA insiders call the "Decadal Plan" scripts
a buildup of space hardware at Earth-Moon and Earth-Sun libration
points in the 2010 to 2012 time frame.
At these locales of gravitational limbo, spacecraft can remain
essentially planted in one spot. Astronauts would service equipment
positioned at these sites, such as powerful space telescopes.
Once an astronaut outpost is established -- more than 621,000
miles (1 million kilometers) distant from Earth -- it would act as a
gateway to other destinations. From the outpost, crews could be
dispatched to the Moon's surface, or sent to near-Earth asteroids, as
well as transit outward to Mars.
The heart of NASA's steppingstone plan calls for the agency to
take on progressively greater challenges and bridge farther distances,
thereby enabling crews to remain in space for longer periods.
The visionary strategy is also meant to link human exploration
with the long-term commercialization of space.
Marching order
NASA has been quietly working in earnest on the Decadal
planning effort for nearly two years.
The Office of Management and Budget has backed funding for the
futuristic look at space exploration, at a modest $5 million a year.
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is the White House office
responsible for devising and submitting the president's annual budget
proposal to Congress.
The marching order for the effort is not to single out a huge
initiative that seeks a presidential okay. Rather, a range of possible
future options is being identified, as well as cataloging the
necessary technologies to pursue various choices.
According to SPACE.com sources close to the plan, the
president could then sign up to bite-sized pieces, and those elements
would fit into a much larger context. Modest investments over the next
five or 10 years, it is felt, would be politically and publicly
acceptable.
"Going after something big is going to be a non-starter.
Everybody is steering clear of turning this into just a humans-to-Mars
campaign," one source told SPACE.com.
Goldin rule
The ongoing brainstorming effort was kick started and has been
championed by space agency chief, Daniel Goldin.
Goldin admits that for NASA to move out on big-ticket space
adventures before the International Space Station (ISS) is completed
is not in the cards.
"As NASA administrator, I wouldn't be prepared to recommend a
nickel for a mission to Mars until we demonstrate we can do what we
say we're going to do [in finishing and operating the station],"
Goldin said recently. In about five years, the agency would be in a
better decision-making position to consider moving out beyond the ISS,
he said.
A small number of individuals have been engaged in the Decadal
planning work.
Many have come from the space agency's field centers. In some
cases, non-disclosure agreements have been signed to keep participants
tight-lipped as to details about the plan.
Jim Garvin, Mars exploration program scientist at NASA
Headquarters, has chaired the decadal planning process. While not
offering any specific details, he said that the task of sketching out
the agency's future remains a work-in-progress.
"What do we need to aspire to? That's kind of what we're
trying to do," he said.
Garvin said that the International Space Station is a vital
piece of NASA's whole strategy of the future. He said the ISS is far
from completion and its construction is a huge job. Weighing in at a
hefty 480 metric tons when finished, the ISS is on the same
construction scale as an expedition to Mars, he said.
HEDS Up
Piecing together a "what next" strategy for NASA has required
two rival factions inside the agency to work together and think more
holistically.
NASA's Office of Space Flight and Office of Space Science --
often caught up in human versus robotic money squabbles -- have joined
forces to help plot out a long-term Human Exploration and Development
of Space (HEDS) roadmap.
As example, having an outpost for humans at a libration point
means arrays of space science equipment can be tended to, repaired or
upgraded, akin to the Hubble Space Telescope servicing missions in low
Earth orbit.
More importantly, new monies will soon spark a HEDS
Technology/Commercialization Initiative. The idea here is for NASA to
work with industry in defining new capabilities, while reducing
government costs in such areas as: space resources development, space
utilities and power, habitation, space assembly and space
transportation.
Gordian knot
Given the decadal planning process, NASA officials are hopeful
they will have a tool for prioritizing investments.
Moreover, outlining an incremental space agenda strengthens
NASA's chances when it vies for presidential attention and financial
backing -- even when a roster of national priorities are in pursuit of
White House endorsement.
Moving crews outward from Earth is a long-awaited event, said
Pat Dasch, executive director of the space advocacy group, the
National Space Society. "We're just going round and round with humans
in space," she said during a round table on space issues facing
Congress held last week.
But one key ingredient necessary to spur post-space station
objectives remains low-cost access to space. NASA's new Space Launch
Initiative is grappling with ways to decrease the Earth-to-orbit price
tag.
"A real wedge of funds could be opened up if the Space Launch
Initiative is successful," a source said.
"The cost of the space shuttle is the Gordian knot. If we can
figure out a way around it down here, it can create some new
opportunities out there."
Supermaterials Repel Space Dangers
By Leonard David
Senior Space Writer
SPACE.com
A spacecraft takes a hole-making hit from a meteoroid and
repairs itself. Huge but super-thin solar sails en route to Alpha
Centauri are imbedded with rip-stopping carbon nanotubes. Human waste
is used as a death-defying way to shield Mars-bound astronauts against
lethal blasts of radiation.
Experts here at NASA's Langley Research Center point to the
physical fact: It's a material world after all. These scientists are
developing new, experimental materials that in the future could help
protect astronauts and spacecraft from the harsh, often unpredictable
world of deep space.
"Most people take materials for granted," said Sheila
Thibeault, a Langley senior materials research engineer. "If you are a
contractor who builds houses, you go to the lumberyard. A seamstress
making a dress goes to the fabric store," she said. But these new
supermaterials being developed for space are simply improved polymers
that are used in common items, like clothing and upholstery.
Punishing environments
Materials launched into space face a spate of dangers. They
can be attacked by atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit. Then there's the
ultraviolet radiation that degrades them. Spacecraft materials are
also sitting ducks for heavy doses of radiation and the passing pings
of micrometeoroids and space debris.
"The properties of a material come from chemical structure. We
see how we can make a material more robust for whatever task. Making
materials work in extreme temperatures and the other harsh factors of
space is critical," Thibeault told SPACE.com.
The testing of space-rated materials on Earth has its
drawbacks.
Materials can be subjected in ground chambers to such things
as vacuum, radiation and radical temperature swings. "But we don't
have a facility that you can simulate everything at once. So we have
to put things into space," Thibeault said.
Attack of the atomic oxygen
Langley has long had an interest in how materials react to the
space environment.
The NASA center developed and managed the Long Duration
Exposure Facility (LDEF) program. LDEF was the first experiment-
carrying spacecraft that was flown in space, retrieved and then
returned to Earth.
The school bus-sized spacecraft was loaded with trays of
experiments, exposing scads of materials to the environs of space.
LDEF was dropped off in Earth orbit by a space shuttle in April 1984.
Shuttle-snagged in January 1990 and brought home for analysis,
LDEF had circled Earth for more than five and a half years. It yielded
a bonanza of data on how various materials stand-up to space exposure.
"One big surprise to a lot of people was how hazardous atomic
oxygen turned out to be in low Earth orbit," Thibeault said.
The problem stems from reactive oxygen atoms attaching
themselves to and attacking carbon atoms in a polymer, which weakens
the material.
"It's like a cavity in a tooth. It starts out as a pit, then
gets bigger as it wears away the tooth's surface. Then you end up with
a cavity," she said.
New polymeric materials, Thibeault said, are now being
developed at Langley that are far more resistant to the erosive
effects of atomic oxygen.
Suitcase science
Thibeault and her colleagues are currently hard at work on the
Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE).
Spacewalking astronauts next year are to mount two suitcase-
sized experiments on the International Space Station. Each will open
to expose a myriad of test patches of items including films,
composites, adhesives, coatings and paints. The MISSE suitcases are to
ride on the outside of the complex for a year, then will be returned
to Earth.
The hoard of materials include those that are atomic-oxygen
resistant, as well as samples that will weather a beating from
ultraviolet radiation, or that can survive doses of other radiation
types.
Another two MISSE suitcases are to piggyback on the station
during a later mission and will battle the effects of space weather
for three years.
Mounted at different spots on the orbiting outpost, the MISSE
packages are expected to bear a wealth of data useful for future
spacecraft designers, Thibeault said.
Rest in peace: rip off
Langley is looking at how huge solar sails can be unfurled in
space and made rigid. These sails are intended to harness solar energy
to power future spacecraft. Because solar sails need to be so thin,
work is centered on making them more durable. So one idea is to
impregnate solar sail material with "rip-stop," Thibeault said.
"You can imagine such a thin sail developing a hole, tear or
rip. It can propagate out and that would be a disaster. So we're
looking at ways to stop a rip," the Langley engineer said.
Nanometer-sized nanotubes imbedded in polymers would not only
add strength to the sail, but also provide a rip-stop feature,
Thibeault said.
Sealing the deal
Other research at this NASA center is focused on several types
of self-healing materials. One tactic is making a material that is
impact resistant. If a meteoroid or piece of debris hits the material,
the resulting hole will seal itself.
"The heat from the shock wave of the impacting object causes
the material to essentially melt...and it melts back into itself,"
Thibeault said.
The materials scientists at Langley have a vision to produce
multifunctional materials. Not only do they have to be tough, they
must be lightweight as well. And these miracle materials would do
everything: from retarding nasty bouts with atomic oxygen and the
Sun's rays, thwart dangerous doses of radiation and defy object
impacts.
"Somehow we've got to put all this together and come up with
materials that can perform more than one function," Thibeault said.
Waste not...
Thibeault said interplanetary voyages, like future missions to
Mars, are fraught with challenges. One tough task is fabricating
radiation shielding for astronauts.
Lead-lined spacecraft walls are not the ideal solution, she
said. For one, that would be far too heavy.
"We're looking at water and food the astronauts will eat, and
the garbage and waste products they'll produce. All that has to be
taken into account. And all that can be used as radiation shielding,"
she said.
Furthermore, as the water is consumed, and food is eaten, the
resulting reservoir of both urine and solid waste may prove perfect in
replenishing the shielding material, Thibeault said.
"I know it's not very poetic. But you do have this input-
output kind of thing."
========
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