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标 题: SpaceViews -- 2000 September 11(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2000年12月23日17:45:58 星期六), 转信
【 以下文字转载自 bage 的信箱 】
【 原文由 hitsma@0451.com 所发表 】
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S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 2000.37
2000 September 11
http://www.spaceviews.com/2000/0911/
*** News ***
Shuttle Begins Space Station Mission
Ariane Launches European Communications Satellite
Proton Launches Sirius Radio Broadcasting Satellite
Engineers Investigate Problem with Stardust Camera
Air Force Debates Range Safety Changes
Milestones Achieved for Two Southern Hemisphere Telescopes
Asteroid Discovery Highlights Challenges of Search
Computer Simulation Reveals Dynamics of Jupiter's Winds
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Articles ***
SETI Comes of (Middle) Age
*** News ***
Shuttle Begins Space Station Mission
The first shuttle mission to the International Space Station
since the launch of the Zvezda service module got underway last week
with few problems before or since its Friday launch.
The shuttle Atlantis lifted off on mission STS-106 Friday at
8:46 am EDT (1246 UT) from pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center,
Florida. The liftoff took place on schedule after a trouble-free
countdown that started Tuesday.
The shuttle then docked with the station at 1:51 am EDT (0551
UT) Sunday, as the shuttle linked up with a docking port on the Unity
module of ISS. The docking went "almost exactly as planned," NASA
officials said in a statement Sunday.
The reason why the docking did not go exactly as planned was
the failure of one of two star trackers in the nose of the orbiter
that are used to update navigational information in the orbiter. To
compensate for the failed star tracker, shuttle commander Terry
Wilcutt turned the orbiter 90 degrees on its side briefly a few hours
before docking to use the other star tracker.
The first major event after the docking was a spacewalk by
astronaut Ed Lu and cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, which started slightly
ahead of schedule at 12:47 am EDT (0447 UT) Monday. The two worked
their way up the exterior of the station to deploy a stuck docking
target on the Zvezda service module and install a magnetometer on a
two-meter (6.6-foot) boom attached to Zvezda that will act as a
"three-dimensional compass" for the station.
The two then turned their attention to the installation of
nine power, data, and communications cables that link Zvezda, launched
two months ago, with the Zarya module. The cables will provide a
variety of services, ranging for communications support during future
spacewalks to providing power to the Russian modules from American
solar panels to be installed on future flights.
Working at times as much as 45 minutes ahead of the timeline,
Lu and Malenchenko encountered few problems during their spacewalk,
and wrapped up their spacewalk, the 50th in shuttle program history,
at 7:01 am EDT (1101 UT), six hours and 14 minutes after it started
and 16 minutes earlier than planned.
"We had another productive day in space," said Milt Heflin of
NASA's Johnson Space Center. Heflin added that while Lu and
Malenchenko made the spacewalk look "awfully easy," the work of
assembling the station is "arguably some of the hardest we have had to
do in the manned space program dating back to Apollo."
While the spacewalk was a success, mission controllers turned
their attention to a possible problem with one of the solar panels on
Zvezda. Images of the panel show that one relatively-small segment
failed to deploy shortly after launch as planned, leaving a small
notch in the side of the panel. The STS-106 crew was instructed to
take more images of the panel even as the spacewalk wrapped up,
although a NASA spokesman said the problem with the undeployed panel
segment wasn't considered serious.
The seven-man crew will enter the station for the first time
this mission on Monday night at 11:01 pm EDT (0301 UT Tuesday). The
crew will spend the next several days transferring equipment into the
station from both the shuttle and an unmanned Progress spacecraft that
docked with Zvezda last month.
These tasks were originally scheduled for the STS-101 mission
earlier this year. However, when the launch of Zvezda was delayed and
the need to perform maintenance on the existing station modules grew,
the original STS-101 mission was split into two parts: STS-101 and
most of its original crew flew to the station in May on Atlantis,
while a new mission, STS-106, was created to fulfill the portions of
the original STS-101 mission that required the service module to be in
place.
Three members of the original STS-101 crew -- Lu, Malenchenko,
and fellow Russian cosmonaut Boris Morukov -- were transferred to the
new mission and were replaced on STS-101 with the second long-term
crew planned for the station, American astronauts Susan Helms and
James Voss and Russian cosmonaut Yuri Usachev.
STS-106 is commanded by Terry Wilcutt, who will be making his
fourth trip into space and his second as a shuttle commander, with
Scott Altman serving as pilot. Lu, Malenchenko, and Morukov, as well
as rookie astronauts Dan Burbank and Rick Mastracchio, will serve as
mission specialists on the flight.
The shuttle is currently scheduled to undock from the station
Saturday night, however, NASA is expected to decide within the next or
two whether to extend the mission an extra day to allow more time for
work inside the station. If the mission is not extended, though, the
mission will end with a landing at the Kennedy Space Center at 3:46 am
EDT (0746 UT) Tuesday, September 19.
Ariane Launches European Communications Satellite
An Ariane 4 booster successfully launched a European
communications satellite Wednesday evening, the first of three
launches Arianespace plans for this month.
The Ariane 44P, the version of the workhorse Ariane 4 that
uses four solid-propellant strap-on boosters, lifted off on schedule
at 6:33 pm EDT (2233 UT) September 6 from Ariane launch complex 2 in
Kourou, French Guiana. Its payload, the Eutelsat W1 communications
satellite, separated from the booster 20 minutes after liftoff, after
having been placed in a geosynchronous transfer orbit.
The satellite, a Eurostar 2000+ built by European aerospace
firm Astrium, will provide television, Internet, and other data
services for Eutelsat, a European satellite communications company,
using 28 Ku-band transponders from its position at 10 degrees east
longitude.
The launch is the first of three that Arianespace, the French
company that operates the Ariane series of boosters, plans for
September. On September 14 an Ariane 5 is scheduled to launch the
Astra 2B and GE-7 communications satellites on a flight delayed since
May, first because of problems with the Astra 2B satellite, and then
because of a potential problem with the attitude control system of the
Ariane 5.
The third Ariane launch of the month is scheduled for
September 27, when an Ariane 44LP booster will launch the Europe*Star
FM1 communications satellite.
Wednesday's launch was the sixth this year for Arianespace and
the second since flights resumed in August after a four-month hiatus.
The launch was also the 56th consecutive successful launch for the
Ariane 4, dating back to January 1994.
Proton Launches Sirius Radio Broadcasting Satellite
A Russian Proton rocket successfully launched Tuesday the
second in a series of radio broadcast satellites for an American
company.
The Proton lifted off from Baikonur, Kazakhstan at 5:43 am EDT
(0943 UT). The rocket and its Blok DM upper stage placed into a
transfer orbit the Sirius-2 satellite. The satellite separated from
the upper stage as planned about two and a half hours after launch,
according to a spokesperson for International Launch Services, the
joint venture that markets the Proton to western customers.
Sirius-2 is the second in a series of three satellite built by
Space Systems/Loral for Sirius Satellite Radio, a New York-based
company that plans to provide up to 100 channels of radio programming
by satellite to specially-equipped satellite receivers, primarily in
cars, by the end of this year.
The launch follows the launch of the first Sirius satellite,
Sirius-1, on a Proton June 30. The third and final Sirius satellite,
Sirius-3, is scheduled for launch in October, also on a Proton. All
three satellites, 3,800-kg (8,360-lb.) vehicles based on the SS/L 1300
communications satellite, will orbit in elliptical, highly-inclined
orbits to maximize their coverage of the continental United States.
"We are extremely pleased that the Proton launch vehicle
provided another successful launch for Sirius Satellite Radio and
SS/L," said Mark J. Albrecht, president of ILS, in a post-launch
statement. "We are looking forward to working with Space
Systems/Loral and Sirius Satellite Radio on the Sirius-3 launch later
this year."
Sirius confirmed last week that a fourth satellite, Sirius-4,
was damaged during assembly at SS/L last month. However, the incident
is not expected to have a major effect on the company, since the
satellite is a spare and would not be launched unless another
satellite failed. The satellite was to have been delivered to ground
storage in December; a revised delivery date will be announced within
the next month.
The launch is the tenth this year for the Proton and the
second in as many weeks, after a Proton launched a Russian military
satellite from Baikonur on August 28. Several more Proton launches
are planned through the remainder of the year, including two
commercial launches of the GE-1A and GE-6 communications satellites in
October.
Engineers Investigate Problem with Stardust Camera
Engineers are looking into an apparent contamination problem
with the optics of a navigation camera on the comet-bound Stardust
spacecraft, officials reported last week.
Project officials said Wednesday that some kind of
contamination has settled on one or more optical elements of the
camera, blurring its images to the point where it may slightly impair
navigation as the spacecraft approaches the comet Wild-2 in 2004.
Engineers believe the contamination may be caused by volatile
materials coming off the spacecraft shortly after launch that stuck to
the camera optics, the coldest surface on the spacecraft. To test
this hypothesis, engineers warmed the camera optics from -35 degrees
Celsius (-31 degrees Fahrenheit) to 8 degrees C (47 degrees F) to see
if the warming changed the quality of the images from the camera.
While characterization of those images is in progress,
officials said in a statement that some unspecified changes in the
quality of the images could be seen as the optics were warmed. A set
of images of several starfields, to see how the blurring changes as
the optics' temperature increased, will be transmitted back from the
spacecraft later this month for additional analysis.
While engineers believe the contamination is based on
volatiles, or ices, deposited on the camera after launch, tests to
determine the composition of the contamination have been inconclusive
to date. Also, officials noted that the contamination might be on
other elements of the optics than those heated in this test, such as
its periscope or scan mirror.
The camera, known officially as the Navigation Camera (NC), is
used to both navigate the spacecraft as it approaches comet Wild-2 as
well as conduct scientific observations of the comet itself.
Scientists plan to use images from the NC to construct a three-
dimensional map of the comet's nucleus as well as study the comet's
coma of gas and dust.
Those scientific observations should not be impaired by the
contaminated optics even in their current state. However, officials
advised in a statement that "close navigation to the comet may change
somewhat" depending on what steps can be taken to reduce or eliminate
the contamination.
Stardust, the fourth in NASA's series of Discovery-class low-
cost planetary science missions, is primarily designed to collect dust
from the comet as it flies by it, as well as other interstellar dust
during other portions of its mission. Launched in February 1999,
Stardust will fly by Wild-2 in January 2004 and fly by Earth again in
2006, dropping off the dust samples in a return capsule that will
reenter the Earth's atmosphere and parachute to a landing in the Utah
desert.
Air Force Debates Range Safety Changes
A key Air Force officer is expressing concerns about range
safety changes at two launch sites that, in his opinion, could lead to
a Challenger-like accident.
A memo by the chief of safety for the U.S. Air Force,
published in the September 11 issue of Aviation Week and Space
Technology, states concerns about changes that put range safety
officers at launch sites under the control of those charged with
launch operations and schedules.
"I am concerned with the long-term effect of introducing an
organizational structure similar to the one which the Rogers
Commission found contributed to the space shuttle Challenger accident,"
said Major General Timothy Peppe, chief of safety for the Air Force,
in the memo obtained by Aviation Week.
The controversy revolves around a change in mid-August at the
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Vandenberg Air Force Base, the
two primary spaceports in the United States. An organizational change
moved mission flight control officers (MFCO), responsible for range
safety before and during a launch, out of independent safety offices
and into flight operations offices at the two launch sites.
The flight operations offices are responsible for setting
launch schedules, raising concerns by Peppe and others that the change
could cause a conflict of interest that could lead to unsafe
situations at the launch sites.
According to portions of the memo published by Aviation Week,
Peppe is not concerned about immediate effects on safety but on the
long-term impact of the change. "Specifically, my concern is that
over time... effectiveness and the proper checks and balances they
provide will be eroded in a manner similar to what happened at NASA
[before Challenger]," he wrote.
Concerns about the change extend beyond the Air Force, since
the same range safety officers also manage NASA and commercial
launches from the two facilities. A NASA official told the magazine
that the space agency "doesn't necessarily agree with the Air Force
shift" but cannot do anything to block it.
The move of the mission flight control officers comes after an
independent report earlier this year recommended a relaxation of range
safety rules at Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg. The National Research
Council report, released in March, said that some range safety
regulations were too strict and could be loosened to save money
without endangering safety.
In addition, an interagency report in February called for
common range safety requirements to be developed for all launch sites,
including new, non-federal launch facilities being considered or
developed in various states. It also called on the Air Force and NASA
to develop next-generation range technology that would improve safety
as well as increase flexibility and lower launch costs.
Despite the concerns raised in his memo, though, Peppe
believes that, at least for now, commercial or military launches
conducted from the two launch sites will be as safe now as ever.
"Operations personnel are not any less concerned with safety
of the mission or the safety of the public than are safety personnel,"
he said. "My discussions with Headquarters Space Command leadership
have reassured me that the effectiveness and training of the MFCO
[personnel] is a priority and their role in assuring public safety
will not be compromised or degraded."
Milestones Achieved for Two Southern Hemisphere Telescopes
Two major observatories in the southern hemisphere reached
major milestones in their construction earlier this month as ground is
broken for a new South African telescope while the final telescope in
a new Chilean observatory is completed.
Astronomers and dignitaries attended a groundbreaking ceremony
outside Sutherland, South Africa on September 1 for the Southern
African Large Telescope (SALT), a near-twin of a telescope in the
United States that features one of the largest mirrors of any optical
telescope.
"It is with great national pride that we stand here today to
witness the turning of the sod of what will be the most powerful
telescope - not only on the continent of Africa, but in the entire
southern hemisphere," said Ben Ngubane, Minister of Arts, Culture,
Science and Technology in the South African government. "Such a
telescope will provide a focus for the development of basic sciences
on the African continent."
SALT is based on the design of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
(HET) at McDonald Observatory in Texas. HET, which began regular
observations last year, features an 11-meter (36.3-foot) primary
mirror made of 91 1-meter (3.3-foot) hexagonal segments. Unlike a
conventional telescope, the primary mirror remains fixed and objects
are tracked using a moving secondary mirror, which limits the usable
diameter of HET to 9.2 meters (30.4 feet).
While similar to HET, SALT features a number of improvements
on the design, including the ability to use up to 10 meters (33 feet)
of the telescope's diameter, making it effectively as large as the two
Keck Observatory telescopes, the largest in the world. Other
improvements will increase the field of view of the telescope and
improve the quality of its images.
SALT will be built in partnership with several universities
in the U.S., Germany, Poland, and New Zealand, who will pay just under
half of the $15-million cost of the telescope. Astronomers at those
institutions, along with those in South Africa, are eager to use SALT
to perform spectroscopic studies of stars and galaxies, similar to
work currently being conducted with HET.
SALT will also feature a camera that will be used for
scientific as well as educational projects, as part of an effort to
spur science education in South Africa. "A giant telescope unable to
make pictures of stars, glowing clouds, and distant galaxies would be
weakened in its ability to spark interest in science," noted a
statement by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.
"The new telescope will have two primary objectives," said NRF
president Khotso Mokhele. "To do cutting-edge physics, and to change
the fortunes of the country."
Meanwhile, an observatory that promises to overtake the Keck
as the world's largest came a step closer to completion on Sunday
night, September 3, when the last of four 8.2-meter (27.1-foot)
telescopes conducted its first set of astronomical observations.
The telescope, named Yepun, joins three other telescopes --
Antu, Kueyen, and Melipal -- that make up the European Southern
Observatory's (ESO) Very Large Telescope. The other three telescopes
were installed between May of 1998 and this January, and have already
been used for some scientific work.
While the four telescopes can be operated separately,
astronomers plan to operate the telescopes in unison, using an
interferometer combining the light to create the equivalent of a
single telescope with a 16.4-meter (54.1-foot) mirror.
ESO officials said the next major milestone for the VLT will
take place in the middle of next year, when light from two of the
large telescopes are combined using the VLT Interferometer.
Eventually the interferometer will combine light from all four
telescopes, as well as a number of smaller auxiliary telescopes that
will improve the quality of the combined images.
Asteroid Discovery Highlights Challenges of Search
A near-Earth asteroid recently discovered poses no threat to
the Earth despite a close flyby earlier this month, but does exemplify
the ongoing challenge of the search for such objects.
The asteroid, 2000 QW7, was discovered on August 26 by the
Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) system, an automated asteroid
search camera mounted on a 1.2-meter (48-inch) U.S. Air Force
telescope on the Hawaiian island of Maui. The asteroid soon reached a
peak brightness of magnitude 13, putting it in reach of amateur as
well as larger professional telescopes.
The asteroid's closest approach to the Earth came on September
1, when the body, estimated to be 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles) in
diameter, passed about 4.5 million km (2.8 million miles), less than
12 times as far from the Earth as the Moon.
This close approach puts 2000 QW7 on the list of over 250
"potentially hazardous asteroids", or PHAs. However, the asteroid
poses no concrete threat in the foreseeable future, as none of the
projected close approaches in 2019, 2065, and 2084 are expected to
come significantly closer to the Earth than this one.
"Technically an asteroid is a PHA if it can get within about
0.05 AU [7.5 million km, 4.6 million mi.] of Earth's orbit and if it's
larger than a few hundred meters," said Donald Yeomans, manager of
NASA's Near Earth Object Program office at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory. "There are currently 266 known Potentially Hazardous
Asteroids -- none of them pose an immediate threat to the Earth."
While 2000 QW7 itself poses no risk to the Earth, its
discovery comes at a time when astronomers are evaluating the success
of their asteroid search efforts.
The goal of a number of near-Earth asteroid surveys being
conducted worldwide, often collectively called the Spaceguard Project,
is to discover at least 90 percent of all the NEAs one kilometer (0.6
miles) or larger in diameter in the next ten years. The one-kilometer
figure was chosen since an object that size or larger striking the
Earth would be capable of causing a global catastrophe.
To date over 400 such NEAs have been discovered. While
astronomers once believed that 2,000 such objects likely existed,
newer models indicate that the total maybe much smaller: no more than
1,000 large NEAs, and perhaps fewer.
"Right now we know of 424 large, near-Earth asteroids," said
NEAT project manager Steven Pravdo. "With our new calculations of
between 500 and 1,000 such objects, this 424 figure represents a large
chunk."
However, the success of current search efforts, such as NEAT
and the LINEAR telescope in New Mexico, coupled with the decrease in
the estimated total number of objects, does not mean that astronomers
are close to reaching the goal of the Spaceguard Project. At a
meeting of representatives of NEA search projects in England last
month, Al Harris of JPL noted that at the current rate of discoveries,
the 90-percent detection goal will not be reached until 2015.
Reaching that detection level in the next ten years would require a
doubling in the detection rate, according to a summary of the meeting
published by Yeomans.
While there is some cooperation among the various
international search objects, as teams publish online regions of the
sky they have recently searched, there is as of yet no overall
coordination of search efforts. Yeomans said such integration of
search projects would be difficult and would require the various
groups involved to properly gauge their own capabilities and how they
can best work with one another.
Computer Simulation Reveals Dynamics of Jupiter's Winds
Newly-published computer simulations are helping scientists
explain the unexpected data returned by the Galileo probe as it flew
through Jupiter's atmosphere five years ago.
The results, published in the September 8 edition of the
journal Science, show that the dry "hot spots" in Jupiter's
atmosphere, such as the one the Galileo probe entered in December
1995, are created by an up-and-down motion of winds near the planet's
equator.
According to work by Adam Showman of NASA's Ames Research
Center and Timothy Dowling of the University of Louisville, air moving
in bands north of the equator move up and down every few days while
moving from west to east. As the air rises, water and ammonia vapors
in it condense out to form bright white clouds.
Once the vapors have been wrung out of the clouds, the dry air
then falls deeper into the atmosphere. This falling air creates
clear, dry spots roughly the size of North America, such as the one
the Galileo probe entered. The pattern then repeats, creating a
series of "hot spots" -- so named because, at 0 degrees Celsius (32
degrees Fahrenheit), they are 130 degrees C (234 degrees F) warmer
than surrounding clouds -- near the equator.
Showman and Dowling were able to create the pattern of hot
spots by introducing large pressure differences in computer models of
the Jovian atmosphere. The hot spots apparently require large
pressure differences: models that used smaller pressure differences
did not produce stable patterns. "There are no wimpy hot spots," said
Dowling, "only strong ones."
The model also shows the hot spots may be even more complex.
In the southern rim of a hot spot, such as the region the Galileo
probe entered, head winds grow stronger with depth. On the northern
rim of a hot spot, the opposite is true.
The new computer model may explain the unexpected results
returned by the probe as it streaked into Jupiter's atmosphere.
Scientists were initially surprised by the results, which showed
warmer temperatures and far less water vapor than predicted by
atmospheric models. Later analysis showed that the probe entered a
hot spot, as seen by infrared telescopes on Earth, that is not
indicative of the atmosphere in general.
"This helps answer one of the big puzzles we ended up with
after the probe entry," said Torrance Johnson, Galileo project
scientist.
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Note: You can now add these events to your Palm handheld by clicking
on, or copying and pasting into a Web browswer, the URL below each
event. Visit Coola's Web site at http://www.coola.com/ for more
information about this free service.
September 14 "STA/SIA's Space at the Crossroads: Military Use of
Commercial Space Services" symposium, Russell Senate
Office Building, Washington, DC
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=968678797&type=D
September 14 Ariane 5 launch of the Astra 2B and GE-7
communications satellites from Kourou, French Guiana
at 6:54 pm EDT (2254 UT)
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=967463116&type=D
September 19-21 AIAA Space 2000 conference, Long Beach, California
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=968079233&type=D
September 20 Titan 2 launch of the NOAA-L weather satellite from
Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, at 6:22 am EDT
(1022 UT)
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=968079164&type=D
October 19-22 Space Frontier Conference 9, Manhattan Beach,
California
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=968079287&type=D
October 23-27 32nd Annual American Astronomical Society Division for
Planetary Sciences Meeting, Pasadena, California
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=968079363&type=D
Other News
SPACEHAB Ekes Out a Profit: SPACEHAB, a company that provides
services to NASA and commercial space firms, reported Wednesday a
small profit for the company in the fourth quarter of fiscal year
2000, which ended June 30. The company said it made a modest profit
of $22,000 on $28.7 million in revenue for the quarter, compared to a
$610,000 loss for the same quarter last year. For the year, though,
the company recorded a $3.8 million loss, compared to $2.6 million in
1999. the company said a shuttle launch hiatus, Delta 3 and Sea
Launch failures, and the well-documented woes of Iridium and ICO
contributed to the loss. The company also incurred $2.4 million in
costs related to the start of work on Enterprise, a commercial space
station module it is developing with Russian company Energia, and its
Space Media subsidiary.
NASA Research Awards: NASA selected 110 proposals for research
projects as part of its Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR)
program, the agency announced Wednesday. The selected Phase Two
proposals, selected from 267 submitted from Phase One projects, come
from 97 companies in 27 states, including a number of "disadvantaged"
and women-owned companies. The awards span a wide range of research
topics, including distributed spacecraft, spacecraft miniaturization
technologies, and thinking space systems.
Dnepr, Zenit Readied for Launches: A pair of rockets are scheduled
for launch two days apart from Baikonur, SPACE.com reported last week.
A Zenit 2 is scheduled for launch September 25 to place a satellite
known only as Enisei into orbit. The satellite is believed to be an
advanced reconnaissance satellite. Two days later a Dnepr rocket will
launch a payload of five microsatellites from a silo at the launch
center. The launch was scheduled for last month but was delayed
twice, the second time because of a failure of a first-stage
propellant tank to pressurize. Officials with Kosmotras, the company
that markets the booster, decided to replace the faulty Dnepr with a
different one rather than fix the problem with the original booster.
Briefly: SPACE.com has acquired London-based Space Business
International magazine, the company announced Wednesday. The
announcement comes shortly after the New York company unveiled its own
magazine, Space Illustrated, targeted at a more general audience.
(Disclosure: earlier this year SPACE.com acquired Starport.com, the
parent company of SpaceViews)... An American wanted in Arizona for
allegedly selling fake lunar dust was arrested in British Columbia
last week after trying to sell astronaut autographs there,
collectSPACE reported. Richard Keith Mountain was arrested after he
tried to pass himself off as a representative of a Canadian
association that was selling the autographs to raise money for a space
camp fund. Shields is facing several counts of fraud and obstruction
there, and faces deportation to the U.S. for trial there.
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by Jeff Foust and Ron LaFon
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For more information and to buy the book:
http://www.spaceviews.com/book/
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*** Articles ***
SETI Comes of (Middle) Age
by Jeff Foust
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence has had, at times
in its 40-year history, a bit of an image problem. The idea of
scientists -- often government-funded -- spending countless hours
training radio telescopes on the stars in the search of signals that
could come from another civilization has raised the eyebrows of more
than a few members of the general public, not to mention some members
of Congress. SETI also was a sore point in the scientific community,
since it used radio telescopes and other resources that could also be
used for more mainstream scientific work.
While those attitudes against SETI still exist, there's
evidence they are less prevalent today than in the past. Despite a
loss of government funding, SETI research remains strong today,
relying now on a wide range of private funding to remain active. The
discovery of possible past life on Mars, a potential habitat for life
within Europa, and dozens of extrasolar planets have all raised
awareness within the scientific community as well as the general
public that life -- including potentially intelligent life -- may be
widespread within the universe. Movies like Contact have also given
SETI something of an image boost.
Many of the leading figures in the Search for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence (SETI) gathered in Boston in May to mark the 40th
anniversary of the first SETI search conducted by Frank Drake at Green
Bank, West Virginia in April 1960 as well as to honor Drake himself,
who turned 70 in June. The two-day symposium at Harvard and Boston
Universities gave those in attendance an opportunity to not just look
back at SETI's past, but see where SETI was today and what the future
holds for the field. While SETI has yet to detect evidence of any
extraterrestrial civilizations, it may have found its place here on
Earth.
SETI's Search for Stability
Looking back at the history of SETI, from the first Project
Ozma searches by Drake in 1960 to the present day, many in attendance
at the symposium shared the conclusion that, after decades of
controversy and ridicule, SETI had achieved a measure of scientific
acceptance and financial stability.
"SETI has reached a pleasant and positive middle age," said
Tom Pierson, chief executive officer of the SETI Institute.
That hasn't always been the case. SETI's standing within
NASA, for example, has gone up and down over the decades, as outlined
by former NASA SETI manager John Billingham. The agency first got
involved with SETI around 1970 with a series of studies into Project
Cyclops, a massive array of radio telescopes. This may have been a
mistake, since the equally-massive price tag for Cyclops -- $6 to $10
billion -- turned some people off to SETI because they thought you
couldn't do SETI with anything else: a myth, Bellingham said, since
even one of the thousands of 100-meter (330-foot) dishes proposed for
Cyclops would have been very useful.
Small scale studies of SETI at NASA continued in the 1970s and
1980s, with one close call in 1982 when Congress terminated SETI
funding, only to restore it the next year. By 1990 NASA headquarters
approved a SETI research program using the Arecibo radio telescope in
Puerto Rico and the Goldstone antenna in California. When that
program got underway in 1992, the program had a budget of $12 million
a year and 144 employees, a high-water mark for the program.
However, the next year, Congress cut all funding for NASA's
SETI work, thanks in large part to Sen. Richard Bryan of Nevada, who
criticized the program on the floor of the Senate for failing to
detect any "little green men." (Ironically, a few years later a
stretch of desolate road in Nevada was named by the state as
"Extraterrestrial Highway" because of the UFO sightings reported
there.) NASA's SETI work shut down for good at the end of March 1994.
Since then NASA has shied away from SETI, despite the agency's
emphasis on its "Origins" program, which includes the search for life
elsewhere in the solar system and extrasolar planets. In fact,
Pierson hinted that NASA administrator Dan Goldin does not hold SETI
in the highest of esteem. "SETI is not, as Dan Goldin has claimed, a
religion or a cult," he said.
While SETI research has been forced out of NASA, it has found
success elsewhere, particularly with the SETI Institute, founded in
the mid-1980s. Pierson said the organization has supported $120
million worth of funded research -- most of it not directly related to
SETI -- in the last 15 years, and has received $14 million in
philanthropic gifts since 1994. (Since the conference the SETI
Institute has received an additional $12.5 million from Microsoft
cofounder Paul Allen and former Microsoft chief technology officer
Nathan Myhrvold to help build the One Hectare Telescope, now named the
Allen Telescope Array.) By contrast, Bellingham estimates that NASA
spent $97 million in current dollars on SETI from 1970 to 1994.
Current Searches and Future Plans
Although successful outside the aegis of NASA, SETI is still a
small enterprise. "The sum total of professional, full-time SETI
researchers is less than the staff of a car wash," noted Seth Shostak
of the SETI Institute. Those researchers are spread out among seven
major SETI programs in Argentina, Australia, Italy, and the United
States. The majority of SETI work is based in the U.S., Shostak
noted, "but it is less pronounced now than in the past."
Despite the small number of full-time professionals involved,
SETI projects have managed creative ways to obtain the resources
needed to continue their work. Foremost among them is SETI@home, a
project by the University of California at Berkeley to process data
from its SERENDIP SETI observing project which "piggybacks" on other
observations performed at the Arecibo radio observatory in Puerto
Rico. Over two million people have joined SETI@home, installing
software that downloads small chunks of SERENDIP data and analyzes it
while the user's computer would otherwise be idle.
"SETI@home is now the world's largest supercomputer," said Dan
Wertheimer, chief scientist of the SETI@home project. While SETI@home
has been key to clearing a large backlog of SERENDIP data that had
gone unanalyzed, future versions of SETI@home could do more, such as
perform pulse detections, increase the bandwidth of the spectrum
searched, and do similar analyses of data from other SETI surveys,
such as Southern SERENDIP in Australia. (In August the Planetary
Society and new media venture Project Voyager announced plans to
sponsor SETI@home and provide it with the resources it needs to
continue its work beyond its planned end date next year.)
Most of the emphasis of SETI searches in the last 40 years has
been on radio wavelengths, particularly in a quiet region of the
spectrum dubbed the "water hole" since it spans a range of frequencies
between the emission lines of hydrogen and hydroxyl, which combined
form water. While many of the upcoming searches and facilities, such
as the Allen Telescope Array, will continue radio searches, optical
SETI is gaining proponents. "The water hole has lost a little of its
allure," said Shostak.
There are several reasons why optical SETI has gained
interest, explained Paul Horowitz of Harvard. The combination of much
greater bandwidth for communications by laser, higher antenna gain, a
lack of dispersion, and the ease of detection -- a powerful laser can
outshine a star by a factor of 5,000 at even visible-light wavelengths
-- make optical SETI a viable alternative to radio SETI.
Several optical SETI searches are underway, including one run
by Horowitz using a 1.55-meter (61-inch) telescope outside Boston
that, by the time of the symposium, had performed 13,000 observations
of 3,000 objects over the course of 18 months. Because a laser signal
has the potential to be very strong, Horowitz said they only need to
observe a star for a few minutes, and can check 1,000 stars in just a
few nights.
Horowitz is also working on a all-sky survey telescope for use
in optical SETI, a 2-meter telescope that can completely scan a
circular region of the sky two degrees across every three nights. He
said he hopes this system can be up and running in about two years.
The Long-Term View of Success
Those working on SETI projects today have a great optimism
about the future -- an optimism that is arguably required in a field
where one can search for decades without success, but whose failures
can be erased by a single successful detection. That point was driven
home by a comment made by Kent Cullers of the SETI Institute during a
public session at Boston University that closed the symposium.
"Even if we don't succeed today," he said, "we may succeed
tomorrow, and almost certainly in the lifetimes of some of the people
in this room."
[Editor's Note: another article about this conference, focusing on
Frank Drake's role as one of the pioneers of SETI, will be published
in a future issue.]
========
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