Aero 版 (精华区)
发信人: bage (网事如疯·春心萌动), 信区: AerospaceScience
标 题: SpaceViews -- 2000 August 7(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2000年12月23日17:46:32 星期六), 转信
【 以下文字转载自 bage 的信箱 】
【 原文由 hitsma@0451.com 所发表 】
[To stop receiving SpaceViews, please follow the instructions at the
end of this message.]
S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 2000.32
2000 August 7
http://www.spaceviews.com/2000/0807/
*** News ***
NASA Official: Pluto Mission in "Serious Jeopardy"
Progress Cargo Spacecraft Launched to ISS
Republican Platform Supports Space, Criticizes NASA
Scientists Dispute Claims Against Mars Life
Lack of Ice May Have Triggered Comet Demise
Iridium Gets One More Chance at Survival
Microsoft Co-Founder, Former Exec to Fund SETI Telescope
Boeing, Khrunichev Plan Commercial ISS Module
Astronomers Confirm Existence of New Jovian Moon
Mars Society Completes Shakedown of Arctic Base
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** News ***
NASA Official: Pluto Mission in "Serious Jeopardy"
NASA has not cancelled plans to send a spacecraft to the
planet Pluto later this decade, a senior space agency official said
late Friday, but noted that the mission was in "serious jeopardy."
"Although rumors that the Pluto-Kuiper Express (PKE) mission
have been cancelled are not correct, the mission is in serious
jeopardy," wrote Carl Pilcher, director for solar system exploration
at NASA Headquarters, in a "Dear Colleague" letter emailed Friday
afternoon to planetary scientists.
Pilcher acknowledged that pressures on the agency's budget
were partially the reason why PKE was in danger, but also fingered the
growing costs to build and launch the spacecraft. "We are in this
situation largely because spacecraft, launch vehicles, and power
sources all cost much more than were originally budgeted in 1996," he
wrote.
That claim was supported by Pilcher's boss, NASA associate
administrator for space science Ed Weiler, who spoke with reporters
during a conference call Thursday. Weiler said then that some science
missions currently under development had seen costs increases of up to
40 percent.
One cause of the cost increases, Weiler said, was that
upcoming missions like PKE had counted on using new generations of
expendable launch vehicles that promised to be relatively inexpensive.
"Surprise, surprise, some of those launch vehicles aren't going to be
as cheap as some of the people promised," Weiler said.
PKE is one of three missions the space agency planned as part
of its Outer Planets/Solar Probe, or "Ice and Fire", missions, along
with the Europa Orbiter (EO) and Solar Probe (SP). Under original
plans EO was to launch in 2003 and PKE, using many of the same
spacecraft subsystems as EO, a year later.
Technical and budget reasons have forced the agency to
reshuffle that launch schedule, with EO being pushed back to January
2006. That schedule, though, is "still unaffordable," Pilcher wrote.
After looking at delaying EO an additional year and moving SP back to
a year to 2008, Pilcher said NASA concluded even more delays would be
needed because of limitations in the current five-year budget plan for
NASA.
This puts more pressure on PKE, which is largely locked into a
2004 launch because the mission currently requires a Jupiter gravity-
assist flyby that would not be available, at least in its present
form, for later launches. There is also pressure to launch the
mission as soon as possible because Pluto is moving farther away from
the Sun in its elliptical orbit and thus cooling, raising the
possibility that the planet's tenuous atmosphere could freeze out
before a spacecraft mission could arrive.
A decision on the fate of PKE, or other high-cost projects
like the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), also rumored to be on the
list of missions that could be cancelled, may not come for months.
Pilcher said in his letter that NASA would work with scientists from
within and outside of the agency to develop a plan that could salvage
the Pluto mission.
"To support the Outer Planets Program we must develop a
scientifically compelling, technically and fiscally achievable program
plan for outer solar system exploration as a whole. This plan must
include EO and PKE, as well as the other challenging missions the
community and NASA have identified as high priority," he wrote. "NASA
and JPL will work with the community to complete this plan by the end
of this calendar year."
NASA may also face outside pressure to preserve the Pluto
mission. Last month the Planetary Society asked its 100,000 members
to contact NASA and Congress and tell them not to cancel PKE.
"For four decades we have sent missions of exploration into
space, from heat-seared Mercury to the blue wonder of Neptune," said
Lou Friedman, executive director of the society. "What will it say of
our generation -- and our lack of wonder and curiosity -- if we stop
now, right before exploring Pluto, the last outpost planet of our
Solar system?"
Progress Cargo Spacecraft Launched to ISS
A Soyuz rocket successfully launched a Progress cargo
spacecraft Sunday afternoon to the International Space Station.
The Soyuz booster lifted off from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, at
2:27 pm EDT (1827 UT). It successfully placed into orbit the Progress
M1-3 unmanned cargo spacecraft.
The Progress will spend two days in orbit maneuvering for a
docking with the new Zvezda module on the International Space Station.
That docking is planned for Tuesday, August 8 at 4:14 pm EDT (2014
UT), and, unlike the launch, will be televised live by NASA.
The key payload of the Progress spacecraft is 1.6 tons of
propellant. Much of that will be transferred to Zvezda to fill its
tanks, which were partially depleted during maneuvers last month to
rendezvous and dock with the station. The rest of the propellant will
be used by the Progress itself to reboost the station's orbit.
Also on board the Progress are supplies for the station,
ranging from clothes and food to computers. Those supplies will
remain in the Progress after docking until next month, when the crew
of shuttle mission STS-106 arrives at the station to unpack the
spacecraft.
The launch is the first time a Progress spacecraft has been
sent to ISS. The launch is also the third for the Progress-M1, an
upgraded version of the venerable Progress-M designed specifically to
support the new space station. The first two Progress-M1 spacecraft
were launched in February and April of this year to help revive the
Mir space station.
Zvezda continues to perform well on orbit. Ground controllers
transferred operation of the station's attitude control system from
computers on Zarya to Zvezda last weekend. Engineers also transferred
control of the communications system from the Unity module to Zvezda.
Both transitions took place without incident, NASA officials said.
Before the transfer the three computers on Zvezda were
rebooted. The reboots were necessary to synchronize the systems after
some communications problems between the computers developed during
Zvezda's automated docking with Zarya Tuesday night. The reboots
cleared up those problems and allowed the transfer of control to take
place.
Republican Platform Supports Space, Criticizes NASA
Calling space a "national priority", the Republican Party
expressed its support for space exploration in its party platform last
week.
However, the platform, approved by delegates at the Republican
National Convention in Philadelphia on Monday, July 31, criticizes
NASA for its current management and calls for changes to "restore the
integrity" of the space agency.
"The Republican Party will remain committed to America's
leadership in space research and exploration," the platform's plank on
space reads. "We consider space travel and space science a national
priority with virtually unlimited benefits, in areas ranging from
medicine to micro-machinery, for those on earth. Development of space
will give us a growing economic resource and a source of new
scientific discoveries."
The platform plank was short on specifics of what a Republican
administration and Congress would do about space, although it did
specifically mention exploration of Mars: "We will ensure that this
Nation can expand our knowledge of the universe, and with the support
of the American people, continue the exploration of Mars and the rest
of the solar system."
Another section of the platform, though, criticized NASA for
what the party considers poor management. "We will, as an urgent
priority, restore the integrity of the nation's space program by
imposing sound management and strong oversight on NASA," the platform
stated.
Some members of Congress, notably Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-
WI), chairman of the House Science Committee, have been critical of
NASA's management in recent months, particularly in the wake of the
failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander missions
late last year.
"The issue of effective management is the key issue facing
NASA," Sensenbrenner said at a committee hearing in April.
The platform also made a brief mention of the military uses of
space, criticizing the Clinton administration for its lack of support
of intelligence operations. "The weak leadership and neglect of the
administration have allowed America抯 intelligence capabilities,
including space based systems, to atrophy," the platform stated.
The platform's direct discussion of space policy make up just
over 100 words spread out over several sections of the 35,000-word
platform, which defines the party's positions on a wide range of
issues for the upcoming Presidential and Congressional campaigns. The
lack of discussion of space is not surprising, since the issue has a
low profile compared to other domestic and foreign policy issues, and
also enjoys relatively broad bipartisan support.
Space policy got more attention in the Republicans' last party
platform in 1996, with a three-paragraph section accounting for nearly
300 words of the 28,000-word platform. While much of the language
discussing space is similar or even identical between the two
platforms, the 1996 platform mentioned commercial and military uses of
space in greater detail.
"Commercial space development holds the key to expanding our
aerospace industry and strengthening our technology base, but it can
be promoted only by removing unnecessary and artificial regulatory,
legal, and tax barriers," the 1996 platform stated. That platform
also called for the completion of the International Space Station
(ISS) and a return to the Moon, two projects not mentioned in the 2000
platform.
Space has also been promoted in the platforms of the state
branches of the Republican party. At its convention in Houston in
June, the Republican Party of Texas approved a platform plank that
called for "appropriate funding" for NASA, a continuation of ISS, and
a "long-term goal of inexpensive and reliable access to space for
commercial development and human settlement."
The Democratic Party, the other major American political
party, will approve its platform at a mid-August convention in Los
Angeles.
Scientists Dispute Claims Against Mars Life
Research released this week which claims to cast doubt on
evidence of past life in a famous Martian meteorite has been disputed
by the scientists involved with the initial discovery.
In a paper published in the August issue of the journal
"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta", Aron Vecht and Terry Ireland of the
University of Greenwich said they were able to easily and
inorganically form the specially-shaped carbonate structures seen in
Martian meteorite ALH84001 that have been advanced as evidence of past
primitive life on Mars.
The London-based researchers said they were able to form
vaterite, a rare carbonate found in the meteorite, by simply bubbling
carbon dioxide gas through a solution of calcium chloride and ammonia
at room temperatures -- 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit).
"It came as a great surprise that, under the electron scanning
microscope, the structures we had made bore very great similarities to
those reported in the Martian meteorite, as these have been used as
the best/only evidence for the existence of primitive life on Mars,"
said Vecht in a statement. "Our findings cast grave doubts on the
possibility of Martian life, especially as we used minerals readily
available on Mars."
That conclusion has been hotly contested by the scientists
involved with the original claims, first reported four years ago this
month, that the meteorite contains evidence of past Martian life.
Their key point: that the chemical composition of the structures in
the meteorite is not the same as those created in the lab.
"The chemical compositions of the 'carbonates' described by
Vecht and Ireland are not related to any compositions observed within
the ALH84001 meteorite," Everett Gibson, one of the scientists
involved with the original ALH84001 work, told SpaceViews. Noting
that the carbonates made in the lab contained rare earth elements,
Gibson noted that "no rare earth carbonates have ever been observed
within Martian meteorites."
"Overall, I think this paper is fine but it has absolutely no
application to life on Mars, pro or con," added David McKay, lead
author of the 1996 Science paper which made the original case for
evidence of life in the meteorite.
McKay referred to comments he made on the online space
information site SpaceRef.com, where he described the structure of the
carbonates seen in ALH84001: calcium- and manganese-rich near the core
to iron-rich in the outer layers, as well as a "nearly pure" band of
magnesium carbonates. "No evidence is presented in the Vecht and
Ireland report that the vaterites have similar zoning," he stated.
Both scientists also noted that their original claims were
based on multiple lines of evidence, not just the carbonates, as the
Vecht and Ireland paper claimed.
"The McKay et al. study showed multiple lines of evidence
(i.e. carbonate compositions, low-temperatures of formation, presence
of reduced carbon within carbonates, presence of biogenically produced
inorganic minerals (i.e. magnetites and gregites) within the
carbonates, and unusual sizes and morphologies which are
characteristic of biogenic processes)," noted Gibson.
"It is the combination of these lines of evidence which lead
to the hypothesis of possible evidence of biogenic activity within the
carbonates within ALH84001," he concluded. "Our hypothesis that all
of these observations can be explained by early microbial life on Mars
stands stronger today than when presented in 1996."
Despite their confidence, ALH84001 has become one of the more
hotly-disputed topics not only in the young field of astrobiology, but
in science in general, over the last four years. Dozens of papers
have been published that either support McKay et al.'s original
claims, or find fault with one or more lines of evidence.
Neither Vecht nor Ireland were available late this week to
reply to the comments from Gibson and McKay.
Lack of Ice May Have Triggered Comet Demise
The spectacular disintegration of Comet LINEAR observed late
last month may have taken place after the comet exhausted its supply
of ice, astronomers now believe.
Images made in the last week with the 2.5-meter (100-inch)
Isaac Newton Telescope, located on La Palma in the Canary Islands,
failed to find any "subnuclei" more than a few meters across in the
dust cloud left behind by the disintegration, confirming observations
made with smaller telescopes around July 25 when the comet appeared to
completely dissolve.
Some astronomers, such as Mark Kidger of the Spanish Instituto
de Astrofisica de Canarias, who was among the first to observe the
comet's disintegration, now believe the comet broke apart when it
exhausted its supply of water and other ices. Since the ice in a
comet nucleus acts as a cement that holds together the dust grains in
the nucleus, the nucleus fell apart when all the ice heated up and
sublimated -- turned into gas -- as the comet approached the Sun.
Observations of the comet prior to its breakup support this
explanation. The rate of water vapor produced by the comet dropped
from 3.6 tons per second on July 6 to just 1 ton per second a week
later, even though the comet was closer to the Sun and should have
been producing more, not less, water vapor. By the 29th, several days
after the breakup, the comet was producing only 120 kg (264 lbs.) of
water vapor per second. Gas produced by more volatile ices, such as
carbon monoxide, had all but stopped by the time of the breakup.
While astronomers originally believed that the comet's nucleus
was perhaps two kilometers (1.2 miles) in diameter, the low rate of
water vapor production now leads Kidger and others to conclude that
the nucleus was really much smaller, perhaps no more than 200 to 300
meters (660 to 1000 feet) across.
This poses a problem, though, because when the comet was
discovered last September by the automated LINEAR telescope in New
Mexico, it was nearly as far from the Sun as Jupiter, and hence
assumed to be large. In fact, astronomers thought that the comet
would become bright enough to be observed by the naked eye as it
reached perihelion, the closest point in its orbit to the Sun, in
July. As it turned out, the comet remained too dim to be seen by the
naked eye at any point before or after its breakup.
"To get an equivalent to a 2 km diameter nucleus from a 200 m
diameter object requires most, if not all of the surface to be
subliming intensely -- unlike a normal comet -- only then do you
manage to simulate a nucleus with a surface 100 times greater," said
Kidger.
Other explanations for LINEAR's origin exist. Zdenek Sekanina
of JPL suggested that the comet might be the trailing part of a larger
comet that broke up previously, farther from the Sun. However, Kidger
notes that since the comet is apparently making its first pass through
the solar system from a distance of about one light-year, and that no
other comet has an orbit similar to LINEAR's, the original body would
have had to break up far from the Sun for us to miss the other part or
parts of the comet.
"For this to happen, the breakup would need to occur several
hundreds of astronomical units from the Sun," concluded Kidger, "but
why would a comet that distant break up?"
Astronomers are continuing to observe the comet to learn more
about how and why it disintegrated. They believe the comet may remain
visible for as little as a week, as the dust cloud disperses.
Iridium Gets One More Chance at Survival
A bankruptcy court gave satellite phone company Iridium until
this Wednesday to find a buyer for the company's assets or else it
will approve a plan to deorbit the company's satellites.
The decision by the federal bankruptcy court in New York City
on Monday, July 31, came after merchant bank Castle Harlan backed out
of plans the preceeding Friday to purchase the company's assets,
including the more than 70 satellites currently in orbit, for $50
million.
"Although Iridium provides a magnificent international point-
to-point telephone service, our due diligence and marketing studies
were unable to confirm that Iridium would generate even low levels of
revenue with a high degree of certainty," Castle Harlan said in a
statement Friday afternoon.
In June the bankruptcy court granted Castle Harlan a 45-day
"due diligence" period, during which time the bank investigated
Iridium top determine if it the company's assets would be worth the
$50-million offer it made.
Iridium now has until August 9 to try and work out a new deal
with Castle Harlan or another company, such as New York-based Venture
Partners, which expressed interest in the company earlier this year.
If no deal is made by then, Motorola, which operates the satellites
for Iridium, will have approval from the court to begin deorbiting
Iridium's satellite constellation.
"We have a plan in place to decommission the constellation
once the deorbiting plan is finalized," Motorola said in a statement
on its Web site. "Details of that plan will be discussed once it is
finalized."
Iridium filed for bankruptcy protection in August of last year
after the company had difficulty attracting customers for its
worldwide satellite phone service. After Teledesic cofounder Craig
McCaw declined to bail out the company in March, the company ceased
operation March 17. Since then Iridium has been looking for potential
buyers of its assets while Motorola worked on a plan to deorbit the
satellites.
Motorola said in March that it would take up to nine months to
rewrite software and fire the thrusters for the initial orbit-lowering
maneuver, and up to two years until all the satellites have been
deorbited. The total cost of the deorbiting maneuver is expected to be
between $30 and $50 million, and will likely be shouldered by
Motorola.
The financial failure of Iridium has become a symbol of the
collapse of the launch market for small low-Earth orbit satellites.
This collapse has hurt the launch vehicle industry, as a number of
companies started to develop launch vehicles -- including a new
generation or reusable launch vehicles that promised to reduce the
cost of space access by an order of magnitude -- to serve this large
market that never materialized.
Microsoft Co-Founder, Former Exec to Fund SETI Telescope
A cofounder of software giant Microsoft and a former executive
of the company have agreed to help fund the development of the world's
largest radio telescope devoted to the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence (SETI).
The SETI Institute announced Tuesday, August 1, that Microsoft
cofounder Paul Allen and Nathan Myhrvold, former chief technology
officer for the company, have donated $12.5 million to the non-profit
institute for its planned One Hectare Telescope, which will be renamed
the Allen Telescope Array (ATA).
Allen, whose holdings in Microsoft and other companies have
made him one of the richest individuals on the planet, will provide
$11.5 million. Myhrvold will provide the other $1 million; the
primary electronics laboratory at the array will be named after him.
The funds will pay for approximately half the cost to develop
and construct the array, to be built at Hat Creek Observatory in
northern California. Current schedules call for the ATA to be
partially operational in 2004 and fully operational a year later.
The ATA will consist of several hundred mass-produced small
dishes, each just a few meters across, covering one hectare (2.47
acres). Sophisticated computer systems will allow for the signals
from the various dishes to be combined, effectively turning it into a
single large antenna for the fraction of the cost. Also, portions of
the array can be used to observe different objects simultaneously,
allowing both SETI and regular radio astronomy work to take place in
parallel.
"For the first time in our history, we have the ability to
pursue a scientifically and technologically sophisticated search for
intelligent life beyond Earth at the same time we are doing
traditional radio astronomy," said Allen in a statement. "This new
telescope will be the world's most powerful instrument for this
search, and I am pleased to support its important work."
"The Allen Telescope Array and associated laboratory are the
latest steps in our exploration of the cosmos," said Myhrvold. "While
it's impossible to predict exactly what we will find with a new
scientific instrument, we should remember that interesting science is
not just about the likelihood of end results -- it is also about the
serendipity that occurs along the way."
Neither Allen nor Myhrvold are strangers to SETI. Allen has
provided financial support to the SETI Institute in the past,
including contributions that supported Project Phoenix, a privately-
funded SETI program started after Congress killed funding for a NASA-
run program in 1993. Myhrvold participated in a two-year SETI
strategic planning effort in the late 1990s along with other
scientists that led to the development of the ATA.
Although completion of the telescope array is still several
years away, work on it has already begun. In April the SETI Institute
and the University of California Berkeley unveiled the Rapid Prototype
Array, a seven-dish model that will be used to test technologies
needed for the full-scale array. A larger prototype that will also be
used for SETI and science work is planned for 2003.
"Paul and Nathan have understood from the beginning how
exciting and groundbreaking this telescope could be," said Jill
Tarter, director of SETI research at the institute. "They have
contributed time and ideas to our work, and now they are quite
literally giving us the means to make it happen. We are overjoyed, and
we're ready to move ahead."
The SETI Institute is still working to raise additional funds
for both the construction of the telescope and long-term operations
and upgrades. As part of this, the institute is selling naming rights
to individual dishes in the array for $50,000 each.
"While the best scientific estimates tell us the probability
of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is fairly high, there is
great uncertainty and some controversy in the calculation," Myhrvold
noted. "One thing however, is beyond dispute. That is, if we don't
continue supporting projects like the Allen Telescope Array, our
chances of discovery will remain at zero."
Boeing, Khrunichev Plan Commercial ISS Module
American aerospace company Boeing and its Russian counterpart
Khrunichev announced plans late last month to build a commercial
module for the International Space Station.
However, the "commercial space module" (CSM) announced by the
two companies July 27 may conflict with previously-announced plans for
another commercially-developed module for the station.
The CSM would be based on a backup version of the Zarya module
built by Khrunichev under contract with Boeing. "The design of the
module is adaptive to modifications capable of making it commercially
efficient, which will also lead to enhanced technical capabilities of
the ISS as a whole," said Sergei Shaevich, Khrunichev ISS program
director.
The two companies have promoted the CSM as being able to
deliver up to 3,000 kg (6,600 lbs.) of cargo to the station, and, once
docked, providing room for anything from on-orbit storage to crew
quarters to space for multimedia, scientific, and communications
equipment.
The cost to build the CSM was not announced by the two
companies, although they did say that it would be privately funded.
The module could be ready for launch on a Proton as early as mid-2002.
"Commercial development, integration, launch and operation of
the CSM is a major step in expanding global awareness about the use of
space for private endeavors," said Brewster Shaw, Boeing vice
president and general manager for ISS. "We are very encouraged about
the potential of the CSM to complement and expand the capabilities of
one of the most aggressive global engineering undertakings in the
history of mankind -- the ISS."
However, plans for the CSM could conflict with another
commercial module being developed for the station. Boeing and
Khrunichev are considering docking the module to the nadir, or Earth-
facing, port of Zarya, a port that American firm SPACEHAB and Russian
company are planning to use for their Enterprise module.
The $100 million module, announced last December, would
replace the Docking and Stowage Module previously planned for that
port. Enterprise would provide both external and internal storage as
well as feature a multimedia broadcasting studio in orbit. the
companies are planning on launching the module in 2002, depending on
their success finding funding.
That conflict may be solved when Russia launches the Universal
Docking Module (UDM), a node with a number of docking ports that could
accommodate both Enterprise and the CSM. However, the UDM is not
planned for launch until 2003, a year after the planned launches of
both the CSM and Enterprise.
Astronomers Confirm Existence of New Jovian Moon
European astronomers announced Friday that they had confirmed
the discovery of a small moon orbiting Jupiter announced last month.
Astronomers Brett Gladman and Hermann Boehnhardt recovered the
moon, designated S/1999 J 1, on July 25 using a 2.2-meter (87-inch)
telescope at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in La Silla,
Chile. The observations were the first of the moon since early
November of last year.
Those observations, taken with a wide-field camera, allowed
astronomers to refine the orbit of the moon and permit observations of
it within the narrower field of view of one of the 8.2-meter (323-
inch) mirrors of the Very Large Telescope (VLT), also operated by ESO
at Paranal, Chile. Observations on July 28 generated "excellent"
images of the moon, according to the observatory.
Astronomers at the Minor Planets Center (MPC) in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, announced the discovery of the moon on July 21 after
analyzing images taken in October and November of last year by the
0.9-meter (36-inch) Spacewatch telescope atop Kitt Peak, Arizona.
Those images revealed a small body, originally misidentified as an
asteroid, that appeared to be in a distant orbit around Jupiter.
At the time the announcement was made, Spacewatch astronomers
said additional observations were necessary to both confirm the object
was in fact a moon, and if so, pin down its orbit.
The ESO observations, when added to the original Spacewatch
data, do slightly modify the moon's orbit. The new data put S/1999 J
1 into a 767.9 day orbit, versus 774 days for the Spacewatch data
alone. The moon orbits Jupiter in an elliptical, retrograde orbit
averaging 24.2 million kilometers (15 million miles); the new data
decreased the orbital distance by only about 120,000 km (74,000 mi.).
The irregular, retrograde orbits of this and four other
similar satellites -- Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, and Sinope -- suggest
that all five were asteroids captured by Jupiter after the formation
of the solar system. That hypothesis has been supported by the VLT
observations, which show the moon to be slightly red, indicative of
asteroids but not of the nuclei of dead comets.
The VLT observations also indicate that the moon is small,
with a diameter of 10 to 15 km (6 to 9 mi.), making it the smallest
moon orbiting Jupiter. Previous Spacewatch observations hinted that
the asteroid could be as small as 5 km (3 mi.) in diameter, although
astronomers caution that a definitive size of the moon won't be
available until they can determine how reflective the moon's surface
is, and thus how much light they can expect from it for a given size.
More observations of the moon are planned at various
observatories in the coming months, as Jupiter moves farther away from
the Sun in the sky as seen from Earth, permitting additional
observations.
Mars Society Completes Shakedown of Arctic Base
After overcoming a mishap which threatened the assembly of a
prototype Mars base in the Arctic, researchers wrapped up an
abbreviated shakedown of the facility last week.
Assembly of the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station,
located on Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic, was in doubt last
month after the last of five paradrops containing components for the
base failed, destroying the base's floors as well as a trailer and
assembly crane.
However, workers at the base were able to come up with
alternatives for the damaged equipment, replacing the original
fiberglass floors with wooden ones and using scaffolding instead of
the crane to assemble the structure. The completed base was opened
July 28, about one week later than planned but still fully-functional.
"To pull this thing off after the disaster of the fifth
paradrop required imagination, courage, skill, hard work, teamwork,
and above all, grit and determination," said Robert Zubrin, president
of the Mars Society, in a speech inaugurating the base. "These are the
qualities that will get us to Mars."
The base, designed to be a prototype of future human habitats
on Mars, was then opened for several days for researchers and others
to test the facility before it is put into full service next summer.
Residents of the habitat included several members of the Mars Society
as well as Baruch Blumberg, a Nobel laureate and director of NASA's
Astrobiology Institute.
The Arctic research base is a $1.3-million project by the Mars
Society to build a prototype of a future Mars habitat. The facility
was first assembled in Colorado, then disassembled for transport to
Haughton Crater, a 20-km (12-mi.) impact crater on Devon Island
considered to be one of the best Mars analogues on Earth.
The Mars Society has relied on donations from its members,
grants, and corporate sponsorships to pay for the base. Naming rights
for the base were sold in January to Flashline.com, an Internet
company that bills itself as the premier software component
marketplace, for $175,000. In June the Discovery Channel signed on
as another major sponsor of the base, purchasing exclusive television
rights to activities at the base for the 2000 and 2001 field seasons
there for an undisclosed fee.
Zubrin hopes that the Arctic base will become a key training
facility for future human missions to the Red Planet, a place, he
said, "where we will first learn how to train for Mars missions, and
then, I believe, ultimately be used to train for the first crews for
Mars."
"This then, in a real sense, is the place from where the
mission will be launched."
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Note: You can now add these events to your Palm handheld by clicking
on, or copying and pasting into a Web browswer, the URL below each
event. Visit Coola's Web site at http://www.coola.com/ for more
information about this free service.
August 8 Progress M1-3 docking with the International Space
Station's Zvezda module at 4:14 pm EDT (2014 UT).
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=965647745&type=D
August 9 Soyuz launch of the second pair of Cluster II
spacecraft from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, at 7:13 am EDT
(1113 UT)
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=964262852&type=D
August 10-13 Third International Mars Society Convention, Toronto,
Ontario
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=963829496&type=D
August 16 Titan 4B launch of a classified military payload from
Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, between 6 and
10pm EDT (2200 UT to 0200 UT August 17).
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=963829425&type=D
August 17 Ariane 4 launch of the Brasilsat B4 and Nilesat 102
satellites from Kourou, French Guiana at 7:16 pm EDT
(2316 UT)
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=965648059&type=D
Other News
NEAR Moves Away from Eros: NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous
(NEAR) Shoemaker spacecraft has returned to a 50-kilometer (31-mile)
orbit after spending part of last month within 20 kilometers of the
asteroid Eros. A one-minute thruster burn on Monday, July 31, moved
NEAR from an elliptical orbit 50 by 37 kilometers (31 by 23 miles)
from the center of Eros into a circular one 50 km (31 mi.) from the
center of the irregular asteroid, the fourth maneuver in a month for
the spacecraft. NEAR will move into a 100-km (62-mi.) orbit around
the asteroid in September to do more global mapping of the asteroid
before moving close to Eros again late this year.
Frozen HOPE: The Japanese space agency NASDA has halted work on a
prototype spaceplane it intended to fly in 2004, the space agency
announced last week. The HOPE-X was to fly starting in 2004, testing
technologies that could be used by future reusable launch vehicles. A
NASDA spokesperson said the freeze on program work was ordered to work
out a dispute whether the small spaceplane should be launched on a H-
2A rocket, as currently planned, or carried aloft by an aircraft.
Rare Planetary Nebula: Images of a rare planetary nebula in a
globular cluster taken by the Hubble Space Telescope are helping
astronomers understand how the nebula formed. Nebulae in clusters
like M15 are rare because the clusters are very old, and the surviving
stars in them thought to be too small to form planetary nebulae at the
end of their lives. The Hubble image of Kuestner 648, one of only
four planetary nebula found in globular clusters, shows no sign of a
companion star which the nebula's progenitor might have borrowed gas
from, increasing its mass to the point where it could form a nebula.
Astronomers now think the nebula might have formed from the merger of
two smaller stars.
Mars Mission Planning: The year 2014 might be the best year in a
decade to mount a human mission to Mars, a Purdue University professor
concluded last week. James Longuski and graduate student Masataka
Okutsu used a modified version of NASA mission planning software to
find that a mission launched around January 14, 2014, could take
advantage of a planetary alignment that would allow a "free return"
trajectory back to Earth, via Mars and Venus, if something went wrong
during the flight to the Red Planet. Such trajectories are rare: not
only would the mission have to launch within a few days of the January
14 date, it would be at least a decade before another such trajectory
was available.
Briefly: Astronomers are expected to announce Monday the discovery of
up to 10 more extrasolar planets. The discoveries, to be announced at
a meeting of the International Astronomical Union in the UK, include a
gas giant planet around Epsilon Eridani, a star just 10 light-years
from the Earth, essentially "in our backyard," according to one
astronomer... SPACEHAB subsidiary Space Media, Inc., has entered a
joint venture with Russian aerospace firm Energia to provide videos
and multimedia content from the International Space Station. The new
company, Enermedia LLC, will provide images from the Zvezda service
module for television broadcasts and the Internet. SPACEHAB and
Energia are already working together to develop a commercial ISS
module, Enterprise, which will include a broadcast studio... A Russian
flight controller died Wednesday, July 26, in Houston during a party
to celebrate the successful docking of the Zvezda service module with
ISS. A coroner's report concluded that Evgeny Mironov died
accidentally when he fell into a pool in a Houston apartment complex,
and ruled out foul play, alcohol, and drug use. Mironov had arrived
in Houston just two days earlier on a 50-day assignment at the
station's mission control center.
========
This has been the August 7, 2000, issue of SpaceViews.
SpaceViews is also available on the Web at:
http://www.spaceviews.com/
or via anonymous FTP from ftp.seds.org:
ftp://ftp.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/spaceviews/text/20000807.txt
To unsubscribe from SpaceViews, send mail to:
majordomo@spaceviews.com
In the body (not subject) of the message, type:
unsubscribe spaceviews
For editorial questions and article submissions for SpaceViews,
including letters to the editor, contact the editor, Jeff Foust, at
jeff@spaceviews.com
For questions about the SpaceViews mailing list, please contact
spaceviews-approval@spaceviews.com.
--
※ 转载:.哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn.[FROM: es.hit.edu.cn]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:421.966毫秒