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发信人: bage (网事如疯·春心萌动), 信区: AerospaceScience
标 题: SpaceViews -- 2000 July 17(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2000年12月23日17:49:32 星期六), 转信
【 以下文字转载自 bage 的信箱 】
【 原文由 hitsma@0451.com 所发表 】
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S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 2000.29
2000 July 17
http://www.spaceviews.com/2000/0717/
*** News ***
Proton Launches Zvezda Service Module
Zvezda Completes First Major Maneuvers
Restaurant Logo to Fly with Zvezda
Spacesuit Problem Should Not Delay Shuttle Flights
Soyuz Launches Cluster Spacecraft
Atlas Launches Television Satellite
Delta Launches GPS Satellite
Russian Rocket Launches Three Satellites
Japanese Rocket Program Suffers Another Setback
Commercial Deal to Provide Space Station Images Online
China Backtracks on Manned Space Flight Plans
Mars Society Regroups After Arctic Base Damage
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Book Reviews ***
The Return
The Moon
Editor's Note: I will be on vacation the week of July 24, so the
next issue of SpaceViews, which would normally be sent on the 24th
will instead be mailed on the weekend of July 22-23. SpaceViews
will resume its normal publication schedule with the July 31 issue.
The SpaceViews web site (http://www.spaceviews.com/) will be
updated with the latest news while I am on vacation, so you can
continue to keep up to date on the latest space news.
- Jeff Foust, Editor
jeff@spaceviews.com
*** News ***
Proton Launches Zvezda Service Module
After more than two years of delays, a Proton rocket
successfully launched the Zvezda service module, a key Russian
component of the International Space Station, early Wednesday morning.
The Proton rocket lifted off from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on
schedule at 12:56:36 am EDT (0456:36 UT) Wednesday. About ten minutes
after launch it placed Zvezda into an orbit ranging between 185 and
357 km (115 and 221 miles). Latches then fired to separate Zvezda
from the third stage of the Proton.
There were no problems reported during the final stages of the
countdown or during the launch itself. Controllers kept a close eye
on the chamber pressure in the Proton's upper-stage engines, in the
wake of reports of a drop in pressure towards the end of the second-
stage burn during the last Proton launch July 5. However, pressure in
the engine chambers remained normal throughout the flight.
By fifteen minutes after launch Zvezda had deployed several
antennae, including one that will be used by the Kurs automatic
docking system on July 25 when the module docks with the two existing
ISS modules, Zarya and Unity. Around this time the solar arrays on
Zvezda were deployed as planned.
"I have to say that this is one of the happiest and proudest
days of my life," NASA administrator Daniel Goldin said after the
launch. "We set a vision eight years ago and we stuck to that vision."
"I feel great joy that our Russian module is in orbit but we
still have some worries," said Vladimir Lobachev, director of Russian
mission control. "If the docking goes successfully, then we'll
celebrate."
Zvezda will fly free for its first two weeks in orbit, as
controllers check out the modules systems and as the module maneuvers
for its rendezvous with the two existing ISS modules in orbit.
Docking of Zvezda with Zarya is scheduled for 8:46 pm EDT July 25
(0046 UT July 26).
Once Zvezda is docked with the rest of the station, it will
assume much of the control of the station, taking over attitude
control and reboost of the station. Computers on Zvezda will also
handle guidance and navigation of the station until computers on
Destiny, the American laboratory module, can take over next year.
Perhaps more importantly, Zvezda includes the life support
systems and living quarters to enable the station to be occupied. The
module's interior, similar in layout to the core module of Mir,
includes sleeping quarters, toilet and hygiene facilities, and a
kitchen and dining area, all enough to support a three-person crew.
Originally planned for launch in the spring of 1998, the
launch of Zvezda was pushed back to the end of 1999 by ongoing
assembly delays, blamed on both technical and financial problems.
While the module was ready for launch by late December, the failure of
two Proton launches in July and October of last year pushed back the
launch while the Proton's problems were investigated and corrected and
the booster completed several successful launches.
Russian officials admitted there was a huge amount of pressure
for a successful flight. "This is ten years' work and the success of
this launch will determine to a large extent whether the Russian space
program continues or not," Yuri Koptev, head of the Russian Aviation
and Space Agency, said after the launch.
A successful docking of Zvezda with Zarya will shift the focus
-- and the burden -- of ISS assembly back on the United States, with
four shuttle flights to the station between September and January
alone. "The baton has been handed back to NASA," Goldin said, "and we
have a load to do."
Zvezda Completes First Major Maneuvers
The International Space Station's Zvezda service module
completed its first major maneuvers early Friday, firing its main
engines twice to raise its orbit in preparation for docking with the
station later this month.
The two main engines, which each produce 3,075 newtons (690
lbs.) of thrust, first fired at 1:09 am EDT (0509 UT) Friday. That
burn raised Zvezda's orbit to an altitude of 358 by 183 km (222 by 113
mi.)
A second burn, also using both main engines, took place 35
minutes later at 1:44 am EDT (0544 UT). That maneuver raised Zvezda's
orbit to an altitude of 361 by 269 km (223 by 167 mi.) No problems
were reported with either maneuver.
The two orbit-raising maneuvers were good enough that Russian
controllers have decided to cancel a correction burn scheduled for
Saturday. That maneuver would have been performed only if Friday's
burns failed to put Zvezda into the desired transition orbit. Few
activities are planned over the weekend other than a thorough test of
the module's telemetry system.
More maneuvers are scheduled for next week that will
eventually put the module in the same orbit as two other ISS modules,
Zarya and Unity. Zvezda is on schedule to dock with Zarya at 8:46 pm
EDT July 25 (0046 UT July 26).
NASA officials said Friday that sensors indicate that one of
two docking targets on Zvezda failed to deploy as planned shortly
after launch. Russian engineers believe that the targets have, in
fact, deployed, and that the sensors are in error.
In any event, the problem, the only glitch with Zvezda so far,
is not considered serious. The target is used by a teleoperated
rendezvous control system, or TORU, to permit a manual docking as a
backup. The Kurs automated docking system, the primary means for
docking Zvezda with the Zarya module of ISS, is working normally.
Restaurant Logo Flies with Zvezda
When a Russian Proton rocket lifted from Kazakhstan early
Wednesday carrying a key module for the International Space Station,
it also carried another prominent payload: a giant logo for an
American restaurant chain.
A 10-by-2.5 meter (33-by-8 foot) logo for Pizza Hut painted on
the size of the Proton rocket was be seen by millions of viewers who
tuned in to see the launch of the Zvezda service module at 12:56 am
EDT (0456 UT) Wednesday.
The restaurant chain, with franchises in a number of
countries, including Russia, announced in September that it had
purchased the right to have its logo emblazoned on the Proton rocket
that would launch the service module. The price for the logo
placement was not disclosed by the company, but the Russian
publication Kommersant reported that Pizza Hut paid an estimated one
million dollars.
When the deal was initially announced, Zvezda was scheduled
for launch in November. Pizza Hut planned to use the mission to
launch -- literally and figuratively -- a new company logo. However,
delays during testing of the module pushed its launch back to late
December or early January. Then, problems with the Proton's upper-
stage engines delayed the launch until July while upgraded engines
were developed and several successful Proton launches took place.
"We wanted a mythic symbol to dramatize to the world that our
41-year-old Pizza Hut brand is revitalized," said Pizza Hut president
Mike Rawlings last September. The company also said at the time it
planned to provide specially-formulated pizzas for the first long-term
crew to stay on the station, as well as sponsor a space-themed reading
program for the 2000-2001 school year.
"Our sponsorship of this critical mission tells consumers
around the world that we're always looking to take Pizza Hut
innovation to new heights," Rawlings added in a statement released
Tuesday.
Pizza Hut will be the first company not directly affiliated
with a launch to have its logo on a rocket. In 1993 Columbia Pictures
signed a $500,000 deal to paint a banner promoting the Arnold
Schwartzenegger film "The Last Action Hero" on the side of a Conestoga
rocket. However, the deal was cancelled after technical delays pushed
back the launch of the rocket well after the release of the film.
The logo deal has not been without controversy, though,
primarily in Russia. Kommersant reported that while Pizza Hut paid $1
million for the logo, Khrunichev, the Russian company that builds
Proton rockets, will see only about $150,000. The rest, Kommersant
claimed, would be split between three companies that arranged the
deal: Space Marketing and Globus Space in the U.S. and Planeta Zemlya
in Russia.
The Space Marketing Center (SMC), the branch of the Russian
Aviation and Space Agency that handles advertising and marketing
activities, filed suit in Moscow against Pizza Hut in May, claiming
that the restaurant chain was improperly claiming a relationship
between it and the SMC. The dispute was apparently resolved, but no
details on the resolution were released.
Spacesuit Problem Should Not Delay Shuttle Flights
A contamination problem with NASA's spacesuits should be
corrected in time to avoid any delays to upcoming shuttle missions, a
NASA spokesman said Thursday.
Technicians are currently working to clean a secondary oxygen
system in Extravehicular Activity Mobility Units (EMUs) that prevents
the space suits from being used. The contamination, said to be
hydrocarbon-based, was discovered by engineers at a suit
subcontractor, Carleton Technologies, within the last two months.
While the contamination was limited to the secondary oxygen
system, the concern expressed by engineers and astronauts alike was
that if the secondary oxygen system was ever used, the oxygen and
hydrocarbon contamination might ignite, causing a fire that could
endanger a spacewalking astronaut.
James Hartsfield, a spokesman with the Johnson Space Center,
said technicians are currently cleaning the suits, working in the
order of their use starting with STS-106, the next shuttle mission,
scheduled for a September 8 launch. The work is progressing such that
the suit problem "is not a constraint to flight," he said.
The secondary oxygen system is a backup system to be used in
the event the primary system failed or if the suit sprung a leak.
"We've never used the secondary oxygen system" during any shuttle
spacewalk, Hartsfield noted.
While spacewalks are planned during the STS-106 mission -- to
work on the exterior of the International Space Station -- the suit
problem would be a concern for any shuttle mission. All shuttle
missions carry EMUs on board in the event an emergency spacewalk is
needed to manually close the cargo bay doors or perform other repairs.
Such contamination should not prose a problem in the future,
Hartsfield said. Engineers plan in to install filters and cryostats
into the suit's systems to prevent contamination from getting into the
oxygen units.
Soyuz Launches Cluster Spacecraft
A Soyuz booster successfully launched the first two Cluster II
space science spacecraft Sunday morning after a one-delay delay.
The Soyuz lifted off from Baikonur, Kazakhstan at 8:39:34 EDT
(1239:34 UT) July 16. The booster and its Fregat upper stage placed
the two spacecraft into a parking orbit of 240 by 18,000 km (149 by
11,140 mi.) shortly after liftoff.
The Fregat will later be used to place the two spacecraft into
their final elliptical orbits ranging between 25,000 and 125,000 km
(15,500 and 77,400 mi.) above the Earth. Several days of maneuvers
will be required before the spacecraft reach that final orbit.
"This has been an excellent start and we look forward to the
second launch next month," said Roger Bonnet, ESA's director of
science, referring to the Soyuz launch of the other two Cluster II
spacecraft scheduled for August 9.
The launch was scheduled for 24 hours earlier but was aborted
in the final minute before launch when an unspecified anomaly was
detected between the ground control systems and the Soyuz booster.
That anomaly was corrected later Saturday and the booster cleared for
a second launch attempt Sunday.
The four Cluster II spacecraft will fly in formation studying
the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field
in three dimensions using a suite of 11 instruments. The instruments
will measure electric and magnetic fields; electrons, protons, and
ions; and plasma waves.
The four spacecraft replace the original four Cluster
satellites, designated FM 1 through FM 4. Those four satellites were
lost when the Ariane 5 booster they were on veered out of control and
was destroyed less than a minute after launch on its maiden flight in
June 1996.
Although the Cluster mission has been delayed four years, its
launch does come at an opportune time, as the Sun reaches the peak of
its 11-year activity cycle. A number of solar flares in recent weeks
have degraded shortwave radio reception and generated some auroral
displays.
"The mission is extremely important because particularly
energetic particles can have a dramatic effect on human activities,
disrupting electrical power and telecommunications or causing serious
anomalies in satellite operations, especially those in geostationary
orbit," said Dino Machi of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
While Cluster II is a European Space Agency mission, there are
some American contributions to the project. One of the 11 instruments
on each Cluster II spacecraft, a plasma-wave detector, was contributed
by the University of Iowa. NASA will also assist ESA with launch and
early mission operations.
Sunday's launch was also the first time an ESA spacecraft has
been launched on a Russian spacecraft. "This launch marks a milestone
in the cooperation between the European Space Agency and our Russian
partners," said Cluster II deputy project manager Alberto Gianolio.
"We are looking forward to the continuation of this fruitful joint
effort in the years to come."
The four Cluster II spacecraft, originally known only by
designations FM 5 through FM 8, were given names shortly before
Saturday's launch attempt: Tango, Rumba, Salsa, and Samba. The two
spacecraft launched Sunday, FM 6 and 7, were assigned the names Salsa
and Samba respectively.
The names were selected from a group of 15 finalists, once
from each ESA member nation, which had been chosen from some 5,000
original entries. The winner, Raymond Cotton of Bristol, England, said
he chose the names of well-known dances since the Cluster II
spacecraft will be "dancing" in formation as they orbit the Earth.
Atlas Launches Television Satellite
An Atlas 2AS successfully launched a direct television
broadcasting satellite early Friday from Cape Canaveral.
The Atlas 2AS lifted off on flight AC-161 on schedule at 1:21
am EDT (0521 UT) from pad 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,
Florida. Its payload, the EchoStar 6 satellite, separated from the
booster about 30 minutes after launch after being placed into a
geosynchronous transfer orbit.
"EchoStar is pleased to report a successful launch of our
sixth satellite that will serve our fast-growing number of DISH
Network satellite television customers," said Charlie Ergen, CEO and
chairman of EchoStar, in a statement after the launch.
EchoStar 6 will be used to provide direct television
broadcasts to the U.S. under the DISH Network brand. The satellite,
to be position at 119 degrees west longitude, will provide enhanced
coverage for Alaska and Hawaii as well as increase the number of
cities where the service provides local television channels.
The launch is the 52nd consecutive successful launch for the
Atlas family of boosters. The last Atlas mission failure took place
in March 1993, when an engine problem with an Atlas 1 put its military
payload into a lower-than-planned orbit.
Friday's launch was sixth Atlas launch of the year and the
second in two weeks: an Atlas 2A launched the TDRS-H communications
satellite for NASA June 30. The next Atlas launch, though, won't take
place until October, when an Atlas 2A will launch a DSCS
communications satellite for the Defense Department.
Delta Launches GPS Satellite
A Boeing Delta 2 successfully launched a replacement Global
Positioning System (GPS) satellite for the U.S. Air Force early
Sunday.
The Delta 2 lifted off on schedule at 5:17 am EDT (0917 UT)
Sunday from Pad 17A at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. Its
payload, the GPS IIR-5 spacecraft, separated from the Delta 2's third
stage after being placed into an elliptical transfer orbit.
This is the second launch of a GPS spacecraft in just over two
months: on May 10 another Delta 2 launched the GPS IIR-4 spacecraft.
However, unlike IIR-4, the IIR-5 spacecraft will not replace a
specific satellite in the existing constellation of GPS spacecraft but
simply add to the 27 existing spacecraft.
Sixteen more Block IIR spacecraft, all built by Lockheed
Martin, will be launched in the next several years on Delta 2s. These
will be followed by a more modern version of the Block IIF, while the
Air Force has just started studies of a new generation of GPS
satellites, called GPS III, that would be launched towards the end of
the decade.
The launch is the first for the Delta 2 since the May 10
launch of GPS IIR-4, and fourth launch of the year for the Delta 2.
The next Delta 2 launch isn't planned until October, when it will
launch a NASA Earth-observing satellite from Vandenberg Air Force
Base, California.
Russian Rocket Launches Three Satellites
A Russian Kosmos-3M rocket successfully launched a trio of
small European satellites early Saturday.
The Kosmos-3M booster lifted off from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome
in Russia at exactly 8:00 am EDT (1200 UT). It placed three small
European scientific and experimental spacecraft into circular 450-km
(280-mi) orbits inclined 87 degrees to the Equator.
The primary payload of the Komsos-3M was the German CHAMP
(CHAllenging Microsatellite Payload) spacecraft. The shape of the
520-kg (1140-lb.) spacecraft bears a faint resemblance to an electric
guitar, thanks in large part to the four-meter (13.2-foot) boom
extending out one side of the spacecraft's trapezoidal body.
CHAMP, built by Dornier Satellitensysteme (now part of
Astrium) for the German research institute GeoForschungsZentrum
Potsdam, will study the Earth's gravity and magnetic fields
simultaneously at high resolution, something never before
accomplished. Geophysicists hope to use the data from CHAMP to
measure variability in the fields over time during CHAMP's five-year
mission.
Data from the spacecraft's GPS receiver may also provide
information on the Earth's atmosphere by meausuring GPS signals as
they are occulted, or blocked, by the Earth. Such measurements,
project scientists belive, will provide information on the
temperature, humidity, and electron content of the atmosphere.
Two smaller paylaods were also placed into orbit by the
Kosmos-3M. The 50-kg (110-lb.) Microsatellite Italiano di Technologia
Avanzata (MITA), buiilt by Carlo Gavvazio Space S.p.a. under contract
with the Italian space agency ASI, is a small technology demonstration
mission. Its key payload is the MicroTechSensor for Attitude and
Orbit Measurement System (MTS-AOMS), a system that incorporates Earth,
star, and magnetic field sensing into a single package for atttitude
and orbit control systems.
A third payload was RUBIN, a joint Russian-German experimental
payload. RUBIN was designed to remain attached to the Kosmos-3M's
payload adapter to perform its space science work.
The launch was the second in two and a half weeks for the
Kosmos-3M. A Kosmos-3M launch June 28, also from Plesetsk, placed a
Russian Nadezhda search-and-rescue satellite as well as two British-
built microsatellites into orbit. That launch had been the first for
the two-stage booster since August of last year.
Japanese Rocket Program Suffers Another Setback
A problem during an engine test earlier this month could delay
the inaugural launch of a new Japanese booster, Japanese space agency
officials said Wednesday.
The problem with the engine for the H-2A rocket is the latest
problem with Japan's launch vehicle program, which has been shaken up
by three launch failures in recent years.
A test firing of the H-2A engine ended in failure when liquid
hydrogen leaked from a valve that was supposed to be closed. The
hydrogen came into contact with liquid oxygen and ignited, creating a
small fire.
Japanese engineers believe that a faulty seal in the valve
caused the hydrogen to leak out, and noted that the seal appeared to
work correctly during a test the next day. If that is the case, then
the problem should be easy to fix. However, engineers warned that if
the problem is not with the seal, the problem could delay next
February's inaugural launch of the H-2A booster.
"If this [the seal] turns out to be the problem, there will be
no impact on next February's launch," a spokesperson for Japan's
National Space Development Agency (NASDA) told Reuters. "But if the
problem is due to something else, delays will be unavoidable."
The H-2A is an updated version of the H-2 booster, a Japanese
booster that was retired after back-to-back launch failures in
February 1998 and November 1999. Those failures, coupled with H-2's
high cost -- up to $185 million per launch -- led NASDA to cancel the
remaining H-2 launch and move forward with the H-2A.
The H-2A is designed to be both more capable and less
expensive than the H-2. The standard version of the H-2A will have the
same payload capacity as the H-2 -- four tons to geosynchronous
transfer orbit -- but be simpler and less expensive to use. Augmented
versions of the H-2A, with an additional large liquid-propellant
booster strapped to the main vehicle, will nearly double its payload
capacity to 7 tons to GTO.
In addition to government and possible commercial payloads,
the H-2A will also be used to launch an unmanned spacecraft being
developed by Japan, the H-2 Transfer Vehicle (HTV), that will be used
to help resupply the International Space Station.
The two H-2 failures also led to the resignation of NASDA head
Isao Uchida in May. Uchida stepped down after the completion of a
report into the November H-2 failure.
In addition to the two H-2 failures, another Japanese rocket
also failed in its most recent flight. An "attitude error" in the
first stage of an M-5 rocket prevented its payload, the ASTRO-E x-ray
astronomy satellite, from reaching orbit in February. The M-5 is
operated by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS),
a separate Japanese agency.
Commercial Deal to Provide Space Station Images Online
A deal involving NASA, its Russian equivalent, and several
companies will soon provide Internet users with images documenting the
assembly of the International Space Station.
The agreement, announced Monday, will allow images from
cameras installed on the exterior and interior of the recently-
launched Zvezda service module to be displayed on a new Web site for
viewing by the general public.
The Russian partners of the agreement, the Russian Aviation
and Space Agency and RSC Energia, builders of the Zvezda service
module, will install and operate cameras on and within the module.
NASA will also ferry a digital camera, provided by Kodak, to the
station to be installed on the exterior of Zvezda in exchange for
access to images from the camera to be used by mission operations
personnel.
The images from the camera will be put online at
EyeOnSpace.com, a to-be-developed Web site. The site will be operated
by Dreamtime, a startup company that last month won a contract to be
NASA's multimedia partner, and Globus Space, a Texas marketing company
that has contractional rights to work with the Russian partners in the
deal. Kodak will be the "Official Imaging Sponsor" of the site.
The partners in the deal believe that people will visit the
site to check on the progress of the station's assembly, which will
not completed until the middle of the decade. They did not disclose
when the EyeOnSpace.com site would be up or when images would first be
available.
"We are looking forward to working with EyeOnSpace and their
partners, to bring live images of upcoming space missions to the
Internet so that we all can share in the experience of seeing in real
time how the ISS is being constructed," said Bill Foster, CEO of
Dreamtime.
The deal is the latest in a series of efforts by NASA to open
ISS to commercial activity. In addition to the Dreamtime contract,
the space agency released a price list earlier this year, outlining
the costs to rent space or purchase services such as power and
astronaut time on ISS for commercial use.
"The International Space Station will change the way people
use space, especially in the commercial application of science and
technology," said Dan Tam, who leads commercialization activities at
NASA. "NASA is proud to play a role in this exciting and growing
frontier."
Russia has also played a growing role in space
commercialization recently. Energia, which operates the Mir space
station, is the majority shareholder of MirCorp, the company that is
leasing the station for commercial activity.
In addition, Globus Space, along with American firm Space
Marketing and Russian company Planeta Zemlya, arranged for a large
logo for American restaurant chain Pizza Hut to be emblazoned on the
side of the Proton rocket that launched the Zvezda module Wednesday.
Pizza Hut reportedly paid about $1 million for the logo placement.
China Backtracks on Manned Space Flight Plans
China may wait until 2002 before attempting its first launch
of a human into space, a year or more later than previous speculation,
according to recent Chinese media reports.
The China News Agency and the Hong Kong newspaper Mingpao each
quoted unidentified sources close to the Chinese space effort earlier
this month that several more unmanned test flights like the Shenzhou
mission last November would take place before a manned flight is
attempted.
The reports, circulated in the West by the online publication
SpaceDaily, indicate that those additional test flights would mean
that a manned flight could not take place until at least 2002.
The reports come just days after reports that a second
unmanned Shenzhou test flight was in the works. Although some reports
indicated that such a flight is imminent, Chinese reports indicated
that such a test flight would likely occur in October.
That launch would feature an upgraded version of the Shenzhou
spacecraft that spent about a day in orbit last November. Wiring
changes reduced the mass of the spacecraft by 100 kg (220 lbs.) and
made the wiring less vulnerable to damage.
No other major changes are reportedly planned to the design of
the Shenzhou spacecraft, which is superficially similar to Russia's
Soyuz spacecraft. While some Russians claimed to have provided
technical support for Shenzhou, Chinese officials have maintained that
the spacecraft was designed and developed without outside assistance.
Reports of that test flight, along with a U.S. Defense
Department report issued last month, increased speculation that China
would attempt a manned launch in 2001, or possibly even late this
year. That speculation may have prompted the latest reports pushing
back the manned launch plans.
The Defense Department report, mandated by Congress,
speculated that China would attempt a manned space flight next year,
"Although nearly all major aspects of China's manned space program
began within the last five years or so, Beijing is still aiming for a
possible first manned launch by 2001," the report noted.
Such a flight, the report's authors claimed, would have
political and military implications. "While one of the strongest
motivations for this program appears to be political prestige, China's
manned space efforts could contribute to improved military space
systems in the 2010-2020 time frame," the report said.
Mars Society Regroups After Arctic Base Damage
The Mars Society hopes to have a alternate plan for the
construction of its prototype Mars habitat in the Arctic finished this
week after part of the base was damaged in a paradrop this month.
Problems for the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station began
July 8 when the last in a series of five paradrops carrying components
of the station suffered an unknown mechanical failure. The paradrop's
contents, including floor panels for the habitat, a crane, and a
construction trailer, were heavily damaged.
Personnel on the scene at Haughton Crater, on Devon Island in
the Canadian Arctic, say the panels and the crane are too heavily
damaged to be used in construction of the base, leaving assembly of
the habitat in doubt.
"Paradrops are by nature a risky business," said Robert
Zubrin, president of the Mars Society. "It's a setback, but we're
already examining our options for recovering from it."
Zubrin, who traveled to Devon Island late last week, is
working with people there on an alternate plan that could permit some
kind of assembly of the base. Details of that plan should be released
some time this week, the Society noted on its web site.
The Arctic research base is a $1.3-million project by the Mars
Society to build a prototype of a future Mars habitat. The facility
was first assembled in Colorado, then disassembled for transport to
Haughton Crater, a 20-km (12-mi.) impact crater considered to be one
of the best Mars analogues on Earth.
The Society had planned for the station to be assembled at
Haughton Crater during the first few weeks in time. After an
inauguration ceremony July 20, the habitat was to undergo several
weeks of shakedown testing before being put into full operations next
year -- a schedule now jeopardized by the paradrop accident.
The base was to be used by scientists who in the past have
relied on tents and other temporary structures for shelter while
working on the island. It will also be used to test technology and
equipment that could be used on future human missions to Mars.
The Mars Society has relied on donations from its members,
grants, and corporate sponsorships to pay for the base. Naming rights
for the base were sold in January to Flashline.com, an Internet
company that bills itself as the premier software component
marketplace, for $175,000.
Last month the Discovery Channel signed on as another major
sponsor of the base, purchasing exclusive television rights to
activities at the base for the 2000 and 2001 field seasons there for
an undisclosed fee. The Discovery Channel will also host daily
webcasts from the base through its Web site, discovery.com.
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Note: You can now add these events to your Palm handheld by clicking
on, or copying and pasting into a Web browswer, the URL below each
event. Visit Coola's Web site at http://www.coola.com/ for more
information about this free service.
July 19 Minotaur launch of the Air Force MightySat 2.1
satellite from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California,
at 4:09 pm EDT (2009 UT).
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=963829119&type=D
July 20-21 Second Annual Lunar Development Conference, Las Vegas,
Nevada
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=963829292&type=D
July 28 Zenit 3SL launch of the PAS-9 communications satellite
for PanAmSat from the Sea Launch mobile platform on
the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, at 6:42 pm EDT
(2242 UT).
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=963829364&type=D
July 31 Titan 4B launch of a classified military payload from
Cape Canaveral, Florida, between 10pm and 2am EDT
(0200 and 0600 UT August 1).
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=963829425&type=D
August 10-13 Third International Mars Society Convention, Toronto,
Ontario
http://www.coola.com/cgi-bin/addinfo.cgi?pid=10003&rid=963829496&type=D
Other News
Sea Launch Prepares for Next Flight: A pair of Sea Launch vessels are
left port last week in preparation for a July 28 launch that will be
the first for the multinational effort since a failed launch in March.
The mobile launch platform Odyssey and command ship Sea Launch
Commander left their home port of Long Beach en route to a position on
the Equator at 154 degrees west longitude in the Pacific. From there
the ships will launch a Zenit 3SL on July 28 to place PanAmSat's PAS-9
communications satellite into orbit. The launch will be the first for
Sea Launch since a failed March 12 launch. That failure was traced to
a software glitch that failed to close a helium valve in a pneumatic
system in the vehicle's second stage. The open valve allowed helium
to escape, lowering pressure in the system until it could no longer
operate the second-stage engine, causing the booster to fail to reach
orbital velocity and crash instead in the eastern Pacific.
EELV Contract: The U.S. Air Force has given the go-ahead to begin
production of the first in a series of new expendable launch vehicles,
Boeing announced Tuesday. The Air Force has authorized production,
and provided funding for, a Delta 4 Medium booster that will be used
to launch a Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) satellite
in May 2002 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The launch
will be the first for the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV)
program, an effort by the Air Force and two major aerospace companies
to develop families of new boosters to support both commercial and
military launches in the coming decade. In 1998 Boeing won contracts
for 19 of the first 28 EELV launches, with Lockheed Martin's Atlas 5
picking up the remaining nine.
Brown Dwarf Flare: Astronomers announced Tuesday that they have seen
for the first time a flare from a brown dwarf, a class of failed star
thought to be free of such activity. In a paper to be published in
the July 20 issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters, a group of
astronomers reported that brown dwarf LP 944-20 suddenly brightened at
x-ray wavelengths during a 12-hour observation by the Chandra X-ray
Observatory December 15. The observations were conducted not to look
for flares, but instead determine if the brown dwarf had a corona of
hot gas. The flare was likely triggered by activity beneath of the
surface of the dwarf, 60 times as massive as Jupiter. "The flare was
a bonus," Gibor Basri of the University of California Berkeley said.
"We've shown that older brown dwarfs don't have coronae, but the flare
tells us they still have magnetic fields and also that subsurface
flares occasionally punch through into the atmosphere."
Teledesic Opens the Gates of Investment: Microsoft mogul Bill Gates
has invested an additional $100 million into the satellite
communications company he cofounded in 1994. ICO-Teledesic, the
holding company that operates both Teledesic, which Gates and Craig
McCaw founded in 1994, and New ICO, said Monday the $100 million
investment was part of a $1 billion investment round. McCaw put $500
million of his own money into ICO-Teledesic as part of a bailout plan
for ICO, which McCaw salvaged from bankruptcy protection. New ICO
plans to provide "third-generation" wireless phone services from orbit
starting in 2003, while Teledesic pans to provide satellite-based
broadband services starting in late 2004.
Briefly: Powerful solar storms buffeted the Earth last week,
triggered by one of the largest solar flares observed in recent
memory. The storms generated bright auroral displays and also
disrupted shortwave radio transmissions... Observers in the Pacific
and east Asia were treated to the longest lunar eclipse in 140 years
Sunday. Totality, when the Moon was completely immersed in the
Earth's umbral shadow, lasted for up to 108 minutes for observers in
locations like Australia where the Moon was up for the duration of the
eclipse.
*** Book Reviews ***
by Jeff Foust
The Return: A Novel of the Human Adventure
by Buzz Aldrin and John Barnes
Forge, 2000
hardcover, 301pp.
ISBN 0-312-87424-3
US$25.95/C$36.95
Buy this book at Amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312874243/spaceviews
In literature, a "roman a clef" is a novel where the
characters and/or locales are thinly-disguised versions of the real
thing: an attempt to put real people and places in fictional
circumstances. A good example of a roman a clef many readers would be
familiar with is Carl Sagan's novel Contact: the novel's protagonist,
Ellie Arroway, closely resembles real-life SETI scientist Jill Tarter,
while Arroway's colleague, the blind Kent Clark, can be no one else
but Kent Cullers.
In some respects, Buzz Aldrin's and John Barnes' latest novel,
"The Return", is also a roman a clef. While the authors claim that
the characters in the book "really are fictional", the company names
are fictional but are clearly linked to real-world counterparts:
Curtiss Aerospace looks a lot like Boeing, and Republic-Wright a lot
like Lockheed Martin. While the real aerospace companies might not
behave the same as their fictional counterparts, Aldrin and Barnes
have taken great pains to construct an alternate universe, if you
will, that looks a lot like real life but with different names.
In this alternate universe, the shuttle fleet is privatized to
a greater degree than in real life, with ShareSpace -- a company with
the same name as Aldrin's real foundation to support space tourism --
selling extra seats on shuttle missions to companies to fly everyone
from contest winners to celebrities. But when a shuttle accident
costs the life of one of those tourists -- a basketball player known
worldwide by his initials, "MJ" -- the program, and space tourism in
general, is put into jeopardy.
This book is less a work of science fiction than it is a
thriller, as the former CEO of ShareSpace, also a former shuttle
pilot; his ex-wife, an attorney; and his brother, the head of an
advanced projects group at Republic Wright that looks like a souped-up
version of the Skunk Works, spend most of the book figuring out what
really happened on that shuttle mission. Those problems are
compounded when a war between India and Pakistan flares up, resulting
in a nuclear explosion in space whose radiation threatens the crew of
the International Space Station.
Aldrin and Barnes do go to some length to get the science and
engineering aspects of the book right. Aldrin, never one to shy away
from opportunities to promote his own ideas and causes, uses the book
to promote his "Starbooster" reusable launch vehicle concept, which
plays a prominent role in the novel.
As a novel, though, the plot is somewhat disappointing, with
few complexities and surprises. The book uses the first-person
perspective, but that is shared by all three main characters and
changes from chapter to chapter, and sometimes within a chapter, which
can cause a little confusion. Little of the book actually takes place
in space; worse, a rescue mission to the ISS that should be the climax
of the book is rushed to the point where it becomes anticlimactic.
"The Return" is somewhat different than Aldrin and Barnes'
previous book, "Encounter with Tiber", so there's no guarantee that if
you liked or disliked their earlier book you'll feel the same about
this one. The book can be an entertaining read, but after finishing
it you may feel a little disappointed because the book could have been
so much more.
The Moon: Resources, Future Development, and Colonization
by David Schrunk, Burton Sharpe, Bonnie Cooper, and Madhu Thangavelu
Praxis/John Wiley and Sons, 1999
hardcover, 432pp., illus
ISBN 0-471-97635-0
US$64.95
Buy this book at Amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471976350/spaceviews
This week marks the 31st anniversary of the first landing of
humans on the surface of the Moon, which means that this December
we'll be marking a less welcome milestone: the 28th anniversary of the
last landing, to date, of humans on the Moon. Why we went, and why we
haven't been back, has already been the subject of a number of books.
But when we do decide to return, the authors of "The Moon" provide us
with a guide of how it can be done.
In the preface, the authors say that they want to debunk a
number of misconceptions about exploration of and development on the
Moon. Those myths include the mistaken belief that the Moon is "dry
and barren", that the two-week lunar night requires the use of
politically unacceptable nuclear reactors, that the high cost of lunar
exploration will limit the scope of lunar outposts and require
taxpayer funding, and that the Moon has little to offer the Earth.
The authors then hammer away at these misconceptions
throughout the book as they lay the framework for a future Moon that
is used for everything from astronomy to mining to support of deep-
space missions. Ice discovered at the lunar poles by the Clementine
and Lunar Prospector missions can support human habitats, for example,
while a network of solar power stations circling the Moon can provide
power continuously without the need for nuclear reactors or other
alternative sources of energy.
The book's ten chapters and twenty appendices leave few stones
unturned: sections of the book cover everything from the governance of
future lunar habitats to the use of the Moon as a "millennial time
capsule" for the safekeeping of human knowledge in the event of a
catastrophe on Earth. From a technical standpoint, this book is an
excellent guide to the future exploration and development of the Moon.
One area that the book falls down in, though, is the economics
of lunar development. While the book does discuss how to reduce the
costs of lunar exploration through the use of in situ resources and
producing as much equipment as possible on the Moon rather than
shipping it from Earth, the costs of lunar development do not get the
same attention as the engineering aspects discussed in the book.
This omission is critical, since technology is less of a
barrier to lunar development than economics. The book is full of
intriguing, if somewhat grandiose, schemes for lunar development, like
a globe-girdling network of solar power stations and thousands of
kilometers of lunar railroads, but the costs of these systems is
rarely discussed in great detail. (In the authors' defense, one can
argue that putting a price tag on systems that are some decades in the
future would be like asking the Wright Brothers to estimate the cost
of a 777 jetliner!)
This problem aside, the authors of "The Moon" have provided an
excellent guide to how we can turn the Moon into an active, inhabited
world. What's now needed, though, is a companion book that can argue
why we should develop the Moon, particularly in an economic sense.
Only then can we make the dreams outlined in "The Moon" a reality.
========
This has been the July 17, 2000, issue of SpaceViews.
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