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发信人: dxmxqe (婴儿), 信区: Aero
标 题: 自述:火星车气囊系统的背景资料
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Tue Mar 16 10:02:41 2004), 站内信件
发信人: Shea(Shea), 信区: Aerospace. 本篇人气: 3
标 题: 自述:火星车气囊系统的背景资料
发信站: 南京大学小百合站 (Tue Mar 16 09:02:22 2004)
Background on the Rover Airbag System
Summary - (Mar 15, 2004) One of the most innovative aspects of the Mars Pathfi
nder and Exploration Rover missions were the durable airbags which helped the
spacecraft survive a hard landing on the surface of Mars. Instead of having to
slow their descent from parachute speed, they could carry much less fuel... a
nd bounce. But developing the airbags was a significant engineering challenge.
How to create a fabric that could survive a long fall, across sharp rocks, wh
ich wouldn't clog up the lander when it deflated. Engineer Tommaso Rivellini e
xplains the journey to create the airbag system which became so successful.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/2003-0315bounce-lg.jpg
Image credit: NASA/JPL
Here I was: 26 years old, I had never worked on a flight project before, and a
ll eyes were on me. Every time I walked by the Pathfinder project office, Tony
Spear, the project manager, would throw his arm around me and announce, "Hey
everybody, the whole mission is riding on this guy right here."
Our task was to design and build airbags for Pathfinder's landing on Mars an a
pproach that had never been used on any mission. Airbags may seem like a simpl
e, low-tech product, but it was eye-opening to discover just how little we kne
w about them. We knew that the only way to find out what we needed to learn wa
s to build prototypes and test them. We just didn't know how ignorant we were
going to be.
Airbags seemed like a crazy idea to a lot of people. Nobody ever said that, mi
nd you, but there seemed to be a widespread feeling that the airbags weren't g
oing to work. "We'll let you guys go off and fool around until you fall flat o
n your faces." That was the unspoken message I received day after day.
Everyone's main fear about using these giant airbags was that the lander would
be buried in an ocean of fabric when the airbags deflated. I began the search
for a solution by building scale models of the airbags and lander, and I play
ed with them in my office for a couple of months.
I built the models out of cardboard and plastic, and taped them up with packin
g tape I got from the hardware store and ribbon from the fabric store. I used
a small raft inflator that I had at home to pump up my model airbags. Over and
over again, I filled the miniature airbags and then let them deflate, watchin
g what happened.
I fooled around with a dozen or more approaches before I finally came up with
something that I thought worked. Slowly but surely, I came up with the idea of
using cords that zigzag through belt loops inside the airbags. Pull the cords
a certain way, and the cords would draw in all of the fabric and contain it.
Wait to open the lander until after all of the airbags had retracted, and the
fabric would be tucked neatly underneath.
Testing on another scale
Once we built large-scale models to conduct drop tests, we started by doing si
mple vertical drops, first at 30 feet, and then up to 70 feet. The bags perfor
med well, although the way they bounced like a giant ball was interesting to o
bserve. People began to realize that the concept might just be reasonably soun
d. But we still had our doubters. Even after we had the mechanics figured out
for the airbags, a big question remained: What about the rocky Martian terrain
?
Landing on Mars, we had to accept whatever Mother Nature gave us. The Pathfind
er wouldn't have a landing strip. To simulate conditions on Mars, we brought i
n large lava rocks the size of a small office desk. They were real lava rocks
that our geologists had gone out and picked; if you tried to handle one of the
m, you would cut up your hands.
The more landscape simulations we tested, the more we started tearing up the a
irbags. Things were not looking good. Once again, we realized that this was an
area that we just didn't understand. The challenge was to protect the bladder
layer, essentially the inner tube of the airbag system, with as little fabric
as possible because the project could not afford to just throw mass at the pr
oblem. We tried material after material heavy duty Kevlars and Vectrans among
them applying them in dozens of different configurations to the outside of the
airbag.
Ultimately, we knew that we could just throw on more and more material and com
e up with a reasonably performing airbag system, but the weight of that soluti
on would have come at the expense of something else another component of Pathf
inder would have to be sacrificed. We weren't, however, going to Mars just to
land there and take a few pictures. We wanted to go there and do science and w
e needed instruments to do that science. So there was a lot of motivation to c
ome up with the lowest-mass, highest-performance airbag system that we could.
5, 4, 3, 2, 1
Each test became like a ritual, because it took between eight and ten hours to
prepare the system including transporting the airbags into the vacuum chamber
, getting all of the instrumentation wired up, raising the airbags up to the t
op of the chamber, making sure all the rocks were in the right place, and prep
aring the nets.
The vacuum chamber where we did the drop tests used so much power that we were
only able to test in the middle of the night. Once the doors of the vacuum ch
amber were closed, it took three or four hours just to pump down the chamber.
At that point, everybody either broke for dinner or went to relax for a while,
before coming back at midnight or whatever the appointed hour was. Then we ha
d another 45 minutes of going over all of the instrumentation, going through c
hecklists, and then ultimately the countdown.
The last 30 seconds of the countdown were excruciating. All of that anticipati
on, and then the whole impact lasted less than one second.
When we finished a drop test, we knew right away whether it was a success or f
ailure. Brian Muirhead, the flight systems manager, was always insistent that
I call him immediately-no matter how late it was. At 4 a.m., I would call him
at his home and have to give him the news, "Brian, we failed another test."
Each test was followed by a high-pressure rush to figure out what went wrong,
what test to run next, how to fix the extensively damaged bags, and how to sim
ultaneously incorporate whatever new "experimental fix" we came up with. As a
team, we agreed upon a course of action, usually in a surly, sleep-deprived mo
od over a greasy breakfast at a local diner. Then the ILC Dover folks would fi
gure out any new patterns that needed to be generated as well as the detailed
engineering to ensure the seams and stitch designs could handle the test loads
. Our hero was our lead sewer, who incidentally sewed Neil Armstrong and Buz A
ldren's moon suits. She worked under less-than-ideal conditions while we slept
and turned our sometimes unusual ideas into reality. Usually by the next day
we were ready to do it all over again.
Tony Spear and Brian understood the challenges we were facing. They knew we ha
d a solid team working on this, and I always kept them informed on the technic
al progress. They were always understanding, but that's not to say they were a
lways happy.
Back to the drawing board
We said, "Okay, let's start doing analysis, computer modeling of the airbags a
nd the impact against the rocks." At the same time, we expanded our test progr
am to understand how to optimize this airbag abrasion layer.
It turned out that the time, money, and effort we expended on the computer mod
eling didn't pay off. Though we ran the most sophisticated programs available
back in 1993 and 1994, the results didn't help us design the abrasion layer. W
e had to rely on our prototypes.
After doing dozens of drop tests, looking at the data, and studying what was h
appening, we started to realize that a single layer of heavy material wasn't t
he solution. Multiple layers of lightweight material might prove stronger.
We were forced to decide on the final abrasion layer design in order to meet o
ur scheduled Qualification drop tests. In spacecraft terms, this is supposed t
o be the last test that you run in order to qualify your final design. By the
time you get to that point, there is supposed to be no question whatsoever tha
t you have a fully functioning system that meets all of the mission requiremen
ts. It is supposed to be a check-the-box process that the system is ready for
flight. The problem was that at that point we had still only experienced parti
al success; we'd never had that A+, 100% grade on any of our drop tests.
Flying in to watch that last drop test, my plane was delayed. One of my collea
gues at the test facility called and asked me, "Do you want us to wait for you
?" I told him, "No, go ahead."
When I got to the facility, the test crew wasn't there. I went into the contro
l room and ran into the guy who processes the videotapes. "So what happened?"
I asked him. "Did you guys do the test?" He pointed at a VCR and said, "The vi
deo is in there. Just go ahead and press play."
So, I hit play. Down comes the airbag in the video it hits the platform and ex
plodes catastrophically. My heart sank. We weren't going to make it. But then
I realized that there was something strangely familiar about the video I had j
ust watched. In an instant it came to me; they had put in the videotape from o
ur worst drop test. The practical joke could mean only one thing: We had had a
successful drop test, and were finally good to go.
--
if I quit now,
they win!
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