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发信人: murjun (萧牧), 信区: Aero
标 题: 突破太阳风场,初探星际气体——旅行者的足迹(en)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年11月06日19:57:34 星期四), 站内信件
What Does the Edge of the Solar System Look Like? Ask Voyager.
11.05.03
Voyager is reaching the edge of the solar system. This is no Christopher Colum
bus false call, mind you. Eight billion miles from the Sun, Voyager's 26-year
journey has made it the farthest-reaching spacecraft in the solar system and i
s about to set a new record. All of the planets and objects within our solar s
ystem are surrounded by a sort-of bubble created by supersonic wind from the S
un, and the spacecraft that first laid its robotic eyes on Jupiter and Saturn,
is about to burst through that bubble, or may have already, according to some
scientists.
This still shows the locations of Voyager 1 & 2 Voyager 1 is traveling faster,
reaching the termination shock sooner. The dramatic orange border to the left
represents the bow shock, a theoretical area created as interstellar gas runs
into the solar atmosphere. The location of the termination shock, or the boun
dary into the area where interstellar gas and solar wind start to mix, has bee
n a mystery to scientists because it moves with regard to the power of the sol
ar wind. Click on the image for movie. Also avail: color print-resolution & ot
her movie formats or black & white high res.
"There has to be a sense of wonder in that this is the first manmade object th
at is touching interstellar space and this has never happened," said Dr. Tom K
rimigis of the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), Johns Hopkins University. "We
're getting out of the protective cocoon of the Sun and this clearly marks a m
ilestone in humanity's knowledge of our environment."
It makes sense that the Voyager mission, consisting of two identical spacecraf
t launched in the heady robotic exploration era of the 1970s should be the far
thest traveled manmade objects ever, nearly four billion miles from Pluto's or
bit. Voyager provided the first views of volcanoes outside of Earth on one of
Jupiter's moon, Io, as well as close-ups of Saturn's rings and evidence of a r
ing around Jupiter in 1979. Voyager 2 provided the very first look at Uranus a
nd Neptune in 1986 and 1989, respectively. Also significant, both are appointe
d planetary ambassadors - they each carry a 12-inch gold-plated copper disk co
ntaining sounds and images selected to portray the culture and diversity of Ea
rth and meant to be played by an alien form of life that may run across Voyage
r.
What's Out There?
Christopher Columbus had to sail the high seas to prove the world was round; h
ow are scientists so certain a bubble blown by the solar wind surrounds us? Sc
ientists call the murky region to the left of the Voyager trajectory in the im
age the heliosheath, because everything within it is influenced by the Sun ('h
elio' in Greek).
What's out there at the boundaries of our solar system? Starting out at a view
of our Milky Way galaxy, the orange gas in the animation represents the inter
stellar medium. The bow shock is created because the heliosphere is moving thr
ough like a boat through the water, crashing through the interstellar gases. T
he bow shock in front of the moving heliosphere is similar to the one observed
by the Hubble Space Telescope. Click for animation. Credit: NASA
The heliopause is the last boundary of that region where interstellar space, o
r matter from other stars, takes over as the ruler of the roost, and where Voy
ager isn't expected to reach for another 20 years. Entering the fluid region k
nown as the heliosheath, past the theoretical boundary of the 'termination sho
ck,' however, marks the first step toward that ultimate goal. The heliosheath
seems to represent a region in which solar wind barely reaches and interstella
r gas breaches to mix and create the ultimate scientific question: what happen
s then?
NASA Scientist Dr. Eric Christian imagines the theoretical boundary looks a lo
t like the water that bounces off a plate in the sink. It's not a defined stra
ight (or round line), but more fluid so the boundary moves a little bit which
has been a problem for researchers. It's very hard to know when Voyager has cr
ossed the line - in fact two science teams are lining up right now with differ
ent interpretations of unusual readings in their data stream from the spacecra
ft.
Left: video of water running on a plate: the first border formed is like the t
ermination shock and the water between the shock and the rim is the heliosheat
h. Water runs out toward the rim and then rushes back, similar to solar wind a
nd indeed the reason scientists know the boundaries exist. Like the heliopause
, once the water runs off the rim, it's out in the sink, or in this case, inte
rstellar space. Credit: NASA/ESA. Right: solar wind raging into space as seen
by the spacecraft SOHO after the solar storms of October 28. Credit: NASA/ESA.
The European Space Agency has more on solar wind.
And then there's that pesky matter of scientific theory. Well, pesky and excit
ing - Voyager scientists are about to re-write a lot of textbooks. As Dr. Krim
igis said, "the models that predict what the Sun and Voyager do are very crude
."
Uncharted Territory
Both Dr. McDonald and Dr. Krimigis have spent the better part of their careers
tracking the fascinating adventure that has been the Voyager mission. And the
y represent the two opposing sides to this new controversy. In August 2002, Vo
yager scientists saw some interesting data - namely a large amount of low-ener
gy particles flowing away from the Sun. The APL group interpreted this as the
energy from the Sun reaching a dead end in this particular area.
"All models and theories have been telling us that's where the edge of the sol
ar system begins to feel the pressure from the interstellar space," said Dr. K
rimigis. "When you're sitting on the beach, depending on the wind, the waves c
an become very strong and blow over you, and at other times you're perfectly d
ry. Solar wind blows hot and cold - when hot, it [washes over Voyager] and whe
n it's cold it retreats."
The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are identical with different flight paths. Voya
ger 2 was actually launched first, on August 20, 1977; Voyager 1 was launched
September 5. Both are about 8 billion miles from the Sun, but Voyager 1 is tra
veling at a speed of 3.6 AU per year while Voyager 2 is speeding along at abou
t 3.3 AU per year. One 'AU' equals the distance between the Sun and Earth, or
93 million miles. Credit: NASA
And from August through February, this strange data appeared, convincing the A
PL team that for six months Voyager had entered into the heliosheath until the
waters retreated like at the beach, and it was back in the solar wind. Meanwh
ile Dr. McDonald's team analyzed data from their instruments and concluded tha
t they had merely rubbed against the boundary of the termination shock, but ha
d not entered it. While both groups are uncertain what happened for those six
months, they are both convinced that Voyager is currently back within the bubb
le of the solar wind, and will be crossing that termination shock either again
in the next year, or for the first time.
"We say we're just in the suburbs approaching the termination shock. They woul
d say we're downtown, we're there," said Dr. McDonald.
A Great Educated Guess
Scientists have seen examples of this termination shock phenomenon to base the
ir theories on. The Hubble Space Telescope snapped a picture of a bow shock cr
eated as the wind from a star more powerful than that of our Sun's, collided w
ith a young star in the nearby Orion Nebula. As the fast stellar wind ran into
slow moving gas a shock front was formed, like the wave created when a boat m
oves through water.
The Hubble Space Telescope imaged this view in February 1995. The arcing, grac
eful structure is actually a bow shock about half a light-year across, created
from the wind from the star L.L. Orionis colliding with the Orion Nebula flow
. For more information on this image, see HubbleSite. Click on the image for a
very large version. Credit: NASA, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
Unfortunately, the instrument that measures solar wind has stopped working. A
few of the remaining ones have tried to pick up the slack, but that makes for
a bit more guesswork and legwork on the part of scientists to prove their case
. The excitement resulting from the controversy is inspiring the science commu
nity and the many people who continue to be fascinated by Voyager's journey. I
t also provides a great example of the uncertainty scientists deal with on a d
aily basis as they create theories, and then modify them again and again.
In the meantime, as Dr. McDonald put it, "We keep making new discoveries, goin
g places no one has ever been before."
And isn't that the point of exploration?
More Voyager Resources
JPL Voyager Home Page
Voyager's Golden Record / Flash Feature
The History & Science of Voyager
Voyager Press Release & Images
--
我非常喜欢在有风有雨的季节计划自己;
有风有雨后的季节晒着阳光我昏昏睡去;
睡去的我依然在甜梦中将曾有过的温习;
温习昨天前天等等的种种激情与过去。
Jim Mural
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