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发信人: project (阿蒙), 信区: Architecture
标  题: 对带裙房高层建筑后浇带问题的研究
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Mon Jul 26 14:34:43 1999), 转信

对带裙房高层建筑后浇带问题的研究
                                 李寅华 朱灵平 赵锡宏 冯兆顺
   摘要 上海中山广场3栋35层带裙房的高层建筑施工中,通过进行沉降(或隆起)
观测和理论分
 析用以指导施工。实践表明,带裙房高层建筑与地基基础采用共同作用理论计算,配合
现场实测和综
 合分析方法有可行性和合理性,它为该类建筑不设置后浇带提供了理论根据和实测数据

   关键词 高层建筑裙房后浇带沉降观测
   分类号 TU973
          A STUDY O N POST -PO URED BELT DEVICE FO R HIGHRISEBUILDING
                                         WITH PODIUM
                   LI Yi nhua ZHU Lingping ZHAO Xihong FENG Zhaoshun
   Abstract During constructi on of hi ghri se building with podi um i n 
the
 Shanghai Zhongshan
 Square consisted of three 35-storey ,a comprehensi veanalyti cal method ,
i .e .
 the combination of
 theory on interacti on betweenfoundati on and highrise building with podium

 simplified theoretical method ,e mpiri cal method and field measure ment ,
is used
 to guide the constructi on process .Now,practical
 evidence has shown that the method presentedin this paper is feasible and
 reasonable .It has also provided the theoretical basis and field measure m
ent data
 for those highrise buildings without post
 -poured belt devices .
   Key words hi ghrise buildi ng ,podium construction ,post -poured
 beltdevice ,settle ment observation
   带裙房的高层建筑,由于主楼与裙房高差显著,荷载差异悬殊,可能造成基础过大
的不均匀沉
 降。对此,传统的对策是设置沉降缝。近年逐步采用主楼和裙房一同放在一个刚度大的
基础上,或主
 楼和裙房放在不同的基础上,或设置后浇带。本文针对采用后浇带的情况,以一个工程
实例探讨优化
 浇筑后浇带混凝土的时间。
 1 带裙房的高层建筑与地基基础共同作用理论
   带裙房高层建筑的地基基础设计的主要问题,在于要求较准确地计算主楼和裙房的
差异沉降,协
 调两者的差异沉降为最小而不设置沉降缝,或设置沉降缝,或设置后浇带。
   在文献[1]中,已提出带裙房的高层建筑与地基基础(包括地下连续墙)共同作
用的理论,以及
 高层建筑与地基基础共同作用的桩、箱(筏)基础优化设计理论,同时提出一个完整的
主楼和裙房的
 基础设计步骤,即:
   (1)合理选择地基土指标;
   (2)采用系列桩基沉降计算方法,分别计算主楼和裙房的沉降,以综合确定差异
沉降值;
   (3)根据共同作用程序,计算拟选的基础方案,比较设缝和不设缝的利弊;
   (4)采用优化设计理论,按不同的主楼和裙房选择合理的不同的桩长、桩径,筏
(箱)厚度或不
 同的基础;
   (5)重复上述步骤,直至得到满意的桩箱(筏)基础或不同基础的结果;
   (6)根据现场沉降观测结果,校核、修正或确定后浇带混凝土浇筑时间等。
   根据共同作用理论,在设置后浇带的上海中山广场工程中,分别计算沉降、不同的
差异沉降引起
 的弯矩和后浇带施工的优化时间,以指导施工。
 2 工程概况
   上海中山广场由3栋35层公寓及2层地下车库组成,其平面见图1。基坑面积约1400
0m2,因主楼35
 层(桩长超过70m)与裙房作为地下车库(桩长为30m)荷载差异很大,故留后浇带数道
。由于后浇带
 长达140m,3座主楼相隔较远,裙房为地下车库,而且面积也较大,前者的主要变形特
点为沉降,后
 者则为隆起。因此,需要通过理论计算,配合沉降观测,以寻求最优化的浇筑后浇带混
凝土时间,同
 时对主楼沉降和主楼与裙房的差异沉降作出评价,为今后带裙房高层建筑的基础设计创
造条件。
                                  图1 3座公寓的平面和测点布置
 3 地质条件
   各土层的物理力学性能指标见表1。
                                 表1 各土层的物理力学性能指标
 土层号
            土层名称
                      埋深标高(m)
                                                层厚(m)
                                                                重度γ(kN/

                                                                m3)
                                                                            
  含水率w(%)
                                                                            
                内摩擦角ψ(
                                                                            
                °)
                                                                            
                              粘聚力c
                                                                            
                              (kPa)
                                                                            
                                         压缩系数a(MPa
                                                                            
                                         -1)
                                                                            
                                                         压缩
                                                                            
                                                         模量
                                                                            
                                                         Es
                                                                            
                                                         (MPa
                                                                            
                                                         )
 ①
            填土
                      -0.500~-2.900
                                                0.5~2.9
 ②
            褐黄色粉质
            粘土
                      -2.000~-10.600
                                                2.0~5.1
                                                                18.0
                                                                            
  37.1
                                                                            
                17.5
                                                                            
                              33.0
                                                                            
                                         0.61
                                                                            
                                                         3.3
 ③
            灰色淤泥质
            粉质粘土
                      -6.200~-5.100
                                                2.0~7.6
                                                                16.8
                                                                            
  57.5
                                                                            
                15.9
                                                                            
                              12.8
                                                                            
                                         1.37
                                                                            
                                                         1.8
 ④
            灰色淤泥质
            粉质粘土
                      -15.200~-19.500
                                                5.3~12.7
                                                                16.8
                                                                            
  47.5
                                                                            
                13.8
                                                                            
                              11.2
                                                                            
                                         1.15
                                                                            
                                                         2.0
 ⑤1
            灰色粘土
                      -19.500~-20.300
                                                3.0~12.5
                                                                17.2
                                                                            
  43.4
                                                                            
                14.3
                                                                            
                              14.9
                                                                            
                                         0.78
                                                                            
                                                         2.9
 ⑤2
            褐灰色粉质
            粘土
                      26.000~-38.000
                                                3.5~17.0
                                                                17.6
                                                                            
  37.8
                                                                            
                18.3
                                                                            
                              19.9
                                                                            
                                         0.49
                                                                            
                                                         7.3
 ⑤3
            褐灰色粉质
            粘土
                      -30.500~-50.900
                                                2.5~23.1
                                                                17.8
                                                                            
  33.4
                                                                            
                22.5
                                                                            
                              18.5
                                                                            
                                         0.39
                                                                            
                                                         5.1
 ⑦
            灰色-灰绿
            粉砂
                      -48.800~-55.400
                                                1.5~10.0
                                                                18.7
                                                                            
  24.8
                                                                            
                30.7
                                                                            
                              12.7
                                                                            
                                         0.13
                                                                            
                                                         13.8
 ⑧1
            灰色粉质粘
            土
                                                8.0~11.5
                                                                17.8
                                                                            
  34.9
                                                                            
                22.7
                                                                            
                              23.3
                                                                            
                                         0.37
                                                                            
                                                         5.5
 ⑧2
            灰色粉土
                                                2.0~7.4
                                                                18.1
                                                                            
  32.1
                                                                            
                25.0
                                                                            
                              20.0
                                                                            
                                         0.36
                                                                            
                                                         5.4
 ⑧3
            灰色粉质粘
            土
                                                2.8~7.6
                                                                19.2
                                                                            
  25.0
                                                                            
                22.3
                                                                            
                              37.0
                                                                            
                                         0.30
                                                                            
                                                         5.8
 ⑨
            青灰色粉细
            砂
                                                24.2~33.2
                                                                18.6
                                                                            
  26.5
                                                                            
                33.7
                                                                            
                              7.0
                                                                            
                                         0.14
                                                                            
                                                         12.7
  
 4 测点的布置和观测时间
   为取得可靠的沉降观测数据,用于确定后浇带施工的最优化时间,在3座公寓后浇
带对应两旁及有关周边和裙房埋设测点,观测
 从第1层(1997年4月5日)起到第35层和后浇带混凝土浇毕后一段时间(1998年3月17日
)止。结构封顶:1997年11月24~26日,塔
 楼(3层)混凝土浇筑:1997年12月12~28日。
   后浇带(掺UEA 的C40、P8膨胀混凝土)浇筑时间为:地下车库底板,1997年12月
1日;地下1层,1997年12月8日;地下2层,
 1997年12月20日。
 5 主楼实测沉降与预估沉降的分析
 5.1 3座公寓的沉降
   今以公寓一(注:以下斜线前表示第35层的沉降,斜线后表示第26层的沉降)为例
阐述,其沉降随时间的变化曲线见图2,平均
 沉降累计为6.32mm/5.25mm,最大沉降为9.3mm/6.9mm(A1)。必须指出:当第3
5层浇毕(1997年11月26日)时,A1为8.
 9mm,以后的沉降趋于稳定,见表2,亦即公寓一微向东北倾斜,从第26层到竣工后4个
月(1997年11月16日~1998年3月17日),差
 异沉降仅仅发展为0.20mm,可以说,大楼不再有大的倾斜。
                                                图2公寓一的沉降随时间变化曲线

   3座公寓的沉降和差异沉降见表2。
                                             表2 3座公寓的沉降和差异沉降(m
m)
               项目
                                             公寓一
                                                                            
公寓二
                                                                            
                               公寓三
       日期
                  1997.12.11
                                              9.1
                                                                            
10.2
                                                                            
                               11.9
                  1998.01.12
                                              9.3
                                                                            
10.6
                                                                            
                               11.9
                  1998.02.15
                                              9.3
                                                                            
10.6
                                                                            
                               11.9
                  1998.03.17
                                              9.3
                                                                            
10.6
                                                                            
                               11.9
  平均沉降
                                 东北面7.88/6.34
                                 西南面4.77/3.43
                                                                6.38/5.98

                                                                            
                   西北面11.0/8.8
                                                                            
                   东南面5.3/3.9
  差异沉降
                                 3.11/2.91
                                                                很小
                                                                            
                   5.7/4.9
   总的来说,3座公寓的沉降相当均匀,而且平均沉降量为6.9mm;最大者为公寓三
(C1),为11.9mm。如以3座公寓的平均沉降
 计,平均每层沉降不过0.2mm,在施工过程中,建造到27层时,一层的最大沉降为0.
7mm(B4)。必须指出:上海地区高层建筑施
 工过程中,一般每层的沉降为0.5~1.0mm。也就是说,本工程3栋高层的沉降比较小
,设计偏于安全,还有潜力可挖。
 5.2 预测与实测的结果比较
   为便于说明预测的可靠性,1996年6月,根据试桩资料,采用简易理论方法[2]、
共同作用方法[1]和实测结果,提出了有关
 预测沉降和不用后浇带及提早浇筑后浇带混凝土的建议。表3为实测沉降结果和预先计
算分析结果的比较。
                                            表3 沉降预测和实测结果的比较(m
m)
                  项目
                                                 公寓一
                                                                            
 公寓二
                                                                            
                               公寓三
       日期
                      1997.11.26
                                                  8.9
                                                                            
 10.2
                                                                            
                               11.7
                      1998.3.17
                                                  9.3
                                                                            
 10.6
                                                                            
                               11.9
  按实测推算
                                                  <10
                                                                            
  <11
                                                                            
                                <13
  按试桩推算封顶时最大沉降
                                                                            
    约18
  按简易理论方法计算封顶时最大沉降
                                                                            
   20.83
  按共同作用方法计算封顶时最大沉降
                                                                            
   16.73
  综合预估封顶时最大沉降
                                                                            
    <15
  综合预估最终沉降
                                                                            
    约20
   本工程沉降测量未从底板混凝土浇筑时测量计算,实测数据偏小,因此可以认为预
估结果相当令人满意.
 6 裙房实测沉降(或隆起)与预估隆起的分析
   下述裙房实测沉降(或隆起),包括后浇带两边对应测点的沉降(或隆起)。
 6.1 后浇带的沉降(或隆起)结果与分析
 6.1.1 后浇带两边对应测点的沉降(或隆起)
  在3座公寓间设置后浇带,长约140m,每隔一定距离设置1对对应测点(H1~H33),
共16对。由于后浇带处为车库,上面无楼层,
 基坑开挖深度为8.1m,由于上海地区挖土卸载引起的回弹变形要经过一段时间才能完
成,而瞬间回弹变形约为开挖深度的0.5%~1
 %,因此后浇带测点的变形基本为隆起,而不是沉降。隆起量一般在5~6mm内,个别测
点隆起量稍大。
 6.1.2后浇带两边对应测点的差异变形
 根据3座公寓间后浇带对应测点的差异变形随时间变化的数据,绘出相应的图形,该图
形显示差异变形较小,一般在3mm 以内;个别
 对应测点差异变形较大,发生在后浇带混凝土浇筑前。
 6.1.3综合分析
   后浇带是自由悬臂端,卸载回弹均为隆起,而且很小。根据共同作用理论求得:浇
底板混凝土时不留后浇带,在55c m 底板的弯
 矩为2040.0kN.m/m;从20层浇后浇带混凝土,在55cm 底板的弯矩为527.9kN.m/
m;从25层浇后浇带混凝土,在55c m 底板的
 弯矩为352.0kN.m/m;从30层浇后浇带混凝土,在55c m 底板的弯矩为175.6kN.m
/m,当时认为可不设后浇带,在55c m 底板
 的弯矩为2040.0kN.m/m,那么,考虑连接底板厚度(55c m)的配筋是否足够?如果
认为不设后浇带没有把握,可考虑在施工到
 25层后浇筑后浇带,那么在55c m 底板处的弯矩为352.0kN.m/m,对此厚度应无问题
。而且这样做整体性强,对施工工期等都有
 利。
 6.2裙房实测沉降(或隆起)结果与分析
   以公寓三裙房的实测沉降(或隆起)结果为例进行分析。沉降(或隆起)随时间变
化关系见图3。从图3可见,除H38基本不动
 外,其他3点在最初阶段有微小沉降,以后均为隆起,隆起量小于7mm。与公寓二裙房的
情况类似,在结构封顶后(1997.11.26~
 1998.3.17),由于后浇带混凝土的浇筑,裙房成为一个整体,起到了约束隆起的作
用,故隆起量基本不变。
                                        图3公寓三裙房的沉降(或隆起)随时间变
化曲线
 7 主楼和裙房及后浇带的实测沉降(或隆起)的综合分析
   为综合分析主楼和裙房及后浇带的实测沉降(或隆起)结果,选一个横切公寓三和
公寓一的剖面(图4)。从图4可见,裙房的测
 点均为隆起,公寓的测点均为沉降。结构封顶后接着浇筑后浇带混凝土,将整个建筑物
连成整体,因此基本上呈整体下沉,说明稍提
 早(例如在浇筑15~20层时)浇筑后浇带混凝土是有利的。
                                      图4 东西向2-2剖面的沉降(或隆起)随层
数的变化
 8 结论
   (1)根据历时近一年的沉降(或隆起)的测量结果、理论计算结果、试桩资料分
析结果,并加上工程实践的综合分析,可以认
 为:3座主楼的沉降已基本稳定,预计最终沉降量约为20mm。
   (2)采用带裙房的高层建筑与地基基础共同作用分析法配合现场沉降和隆起的测
量,可有效地指导施工,做到信息化施工,有
 利于提高施工质量,避免事故的发生。
   (3)关于设置后浇带问题,以本工程而论,根据实测和理论分析,可认为不设后
浇带比设后浇带好;若设后浇带,稍早(例如
 在浇筑15~20层时)浇后浇带有利,这样做整体性强。
   工程实践证明,施工阶段(1997年6月)中采用带裙房的高层建筑与地基基础共同
作用理论,对中山广场的沉降和后浇带问题进
 行计算和预估是合理可行的。以理论为指导,并配合沉降观测,是决定是否设置后浇带
的有效途径。
 作者单位:李寅华 朱灵平 赵锡宏 冯兆顺(上海市第二建筑工程公司,工程师,20
0080)
 参考文献
  1 赵锡宏等.带裙房的高层建筑与地基基础共同作用设计理论与实践.上海:同济
大学出版社,1999
  2 X.H.Zhao et al .Theory of Design of Piled Raft &Piled Box Foundati
on for Tall Buildings in Shanghai
 .Shanghai :Tongji Uni—versity Press ,1998

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