Chemistry 版 (精华区)
发信人: zjliu (秋天的萝卜), 信区: Chemistry
标 题: Positively Electrifying
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Tue Mar 30 20:04:50 2004), 站内信件
Positively Electrifying
Nancy_McGuire
Imagine a battery so flat that it could be embedded in an ID card or a shippin
g label, and so flexible that it would fit into a corner inside a tiny cell ph
one or wrap around a curved surface.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/10803978072.jpg
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Most of the batteries you find at the corner store have a cylindrical rod or b
utton shape, which provides the greatest amount of energy for the least cost a
nd resists puncturing or crushing. Unfortunately, cylinders don't use space ve
ry efficiently. No matter how you pack them, there are always gaps, and even t
he very smallest button batteries aren't very thin.
Thin-film batteries are already on the market, but the technology is very new.
The high price and relatively low energy output of these batteries limit thei
r use to specialized applications where size, shape, and light weight are more
important than cost. At present, lithium-ion batteries are the only kind to u
se the thin-film technology.
Lithium-ion batteries differ from typical AA, C, and D-cell batteries in that
the electrical current is carried by positively charged ions instead of negati
vely charged electrons. Lithium is the lightest and most reactive of metals; a
nd it loses electrons very easily, forming positive lithium ions in the proces
s. These ions move through the battery, causing a flow of positive electrical
charge. (For a review of battery basics, see "Power Up: Batteries".)
Thin-film batteries are made from several layers stacked one on top of another
. An outer insulating layer protects the anode, a thin lithium metal foil or a
graphite–lithium composite. When the battery discharges, the anode releases
lithium ions. The anode takes these ions back in when the battery is recharged
.
A polymer electrolyte layer conducts the ions to a cathode layer made of a con
ducting polymer or a metal oxide. A thin metal foil or conductive polymer on t
he other side acts as a current collector. The whole stack is about 4 mm thick
.
Even newer batteries, mostly in the developmental stage, are as thin as 100 μ
m, about the width of a grain of salt. These flexible batteries can be rolled
up, fit into corners, or embedded in thin plastic cards.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/10803978453.jpg
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lithium-ion polymer batteries use liquid or gel electrolytes immobilized in a
polymer matrix as the conducting medium. This reduces, but does not completely
eliminate, safety and environmental hazards presented by conventional "wet-ce
ll" batteries. True solid-state batteries, in which the polymer itself conduct
s the lithium ions without the need for liquids or gels, are a very new develo
pment that may take off over the next few years.
The basic design for lithium-ion polymer batteries was developed in the 1970s,
but the 1995 introduction of the foil casing known as the "pouch pack" made t
hem commercially viable. The thin foil eliminated the need for a metal shell a
round the battery, and the electrical leads are simple foil tabs attached to t
he pouch.
Currently, the only advantage of pouch pack batteries is their compact size. T
hese batteries are currently used in military survival equipment such as downe
Even newer batteries, mostly in the developmental stage, are as thin as 100 μ
m, about the width of a grain of salt. These flexible batteries can be rolled
up, fit into corners, or embedded in thin plastic cards.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/10803978453.jpg
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lithium-ion polymer batteries use liquid or gel electrolytes immobilized in a
polymer matrix as the conducting medium. This reduces, but does not completely
eliminate, safety and environmental hazards presented by conventional "wet-ce
ll" batteries. True solid-state batteries, in which the polymer itself conduct
s the lithium ions without the need for liquids or gels, are a very new develo
pment that may take off over the next few years.
The basic design for lithium-ion polymer batteries was developed in the 1970s,
but the 1995 introduction of the foil casing known as the "pouch pack" made t
hem commercially viable. The thin foil eliminated the need for a metal shell a
round the battery, and the electrical leads are simple foil tabs attached to t
he pouch.
Currently, the only advantage of pouch pack batteries is their compact size. T
hese batteries are currently used in military survival equipment such as downe
d-pilot radios. These batteries are not pressurized and use no toxic materials
; their size and weight meet the stringent requirements for equipment carried
by paratroopers.
Pouch pack batteries also power the radio frequency (RF) tags that track milit
ary cargo containers and bank shipments. Once the cost comes down for these ba
tteries, they could be very useful for automating and monitoring commercial sh
ipping operations, making it possible to distinguish between legitimate shippi
ng containers and contraband or dangerous materials.
Thin batteries are beginning to show up in civilian consumer products. Some ce
ll phones use lithium-ion polymer batteries, which can be custom-designed to f
it the space available. Lithium batteries that are compact and powerful enough
for use in electric and hybrid cars are now being developed, and they may be
available commercially in a few years.
This article first appeared on March 29, 2004.
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