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发信人: zjliu (秋天的萝卜), 信区: Chemistry
标 题: 化学程序的补充说明 1
发信站: BBS 哈工大紫丁香站 (Fri Sep 17 09:22:40 2004)

发信站: 日月光华

带有公式的图片就不贴出来了，很简单的公式，大家自己推吧。

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content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="Template"
content="E:\PROGRAM FILES\MICROSOFT OFFICE\OFFICE\html.dot">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage Express 2.0">
<title>Chemical Club Help</title>
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<body link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080">

<h1 align="center"><a name="Contents"></a>Welcome to use
Chemical Club 1.0! </h1>
Chemical Club 1.0! </h1>

<h2>Contents</h2>

<menu>
 <li><a href="#About">0. About</a></li>
 <li><a href="#Van_der_Waals_Gas">1. Van der Waals Gas</a></li>
 <li><a href="#Reversible_Process">2. Ideal Gas Reversible
 Process</a></li>
 <li><a href="#Balance_of_Gases">3. Chemical Balance of Gases</a></li>
 <li><a href="#Solution_Calculator">4. Solution Calculator</a></li>
</menu>

<hr>

<h2><a name="About"></a>0. About Chemical Club</h2>

<h1 align="center">Morning (R) Chemical Club (TM) 1.0</h1>

<h1 align="center">Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Morning Studio</h1>

<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a>

<hr>

<h2><a name="Van_der_Waals_Gas"></a>1. Van der Waals Gas</h2>

The Ideal Gas State Equation is PV=RT, in
which there are three State Functions: Pressure (P),
Molar Volume (V), Temperature (T). But this is
not very accurate so in this program Van der Waals Equation
takes the place of it. If you know the two gas constant A and B
besides Molar Gas Constant R, this program will help you
calculate one state function if you know the other two.

Instead of R, Gas constant A and B is determined by special
gas. This program knows many gas's A and B but not every one.
After knowing A and B this program will know Limit Pressure,
Limit Volume and Limit Temperature of a special
gas. This program will tell you the state because Gas
can sometimes change into Liquid if the temperature is
below limit temperature and the volume is below limit volume. If
the temperature is below limit temperature and pressure below
limit pressure, the volume and the state will sometimes be
unknown.
unknown.

There is a group of Radio Buttons before every state
functions. The active radio button tells the program which
function it should calculate. For example, when radio button of
pressure in the first state is active, pressure is unchangeable.
Then you change volume or temperature in the first state and
pressure will change correspondingly. When you change pressure,
volume or temperature in the second state, chemical quantity will
change correspondingly. When you change chemical quantity or
change mass of gas to make chemical quantity change, both
pressures in two states will change.

This program have another function, which is to calculate A
and B by Limit State Functions. But it needs only two
functions enough. Therefore, there is another group of Radio
Buttons before very limit state functions. The function after
active radio button is unchangable. This program will calculate A
and B by the other two functions and this function will be
calculated by A and B. After A and B change, the real state
functions will all change.

<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a>
<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a>

<hr>

<h2><a name="Reversible_Process"></a>2. Ideal Gas Reversible
Process</h2>

This program can calculate four Reversible Processes. There
are two states, one is changed according to another. If you want
to set one state and perform a Reversible Process with
one State Function given, you can choose Isobaric
and change Pressure, choose Isochoric and
change Volume, choose Isothermal and change
Temperature
in on colume, and then Choose a reversible process (Adiabatic,
Isobaric, Isochoric or Isothemal), and change one function in the
other state colume, you can get the result (two other function)
at once.

If you choose Adiabatic Process, you can change all
the functions but the amount of gas, and the amount will not
change. The change of Pressure (if you choose Isobaric
Process), Volume (choose Isochoric Process) or
Process), Volume (choose Isochoric Process) or
Temperature (Isothermal Process) will change the amount
of gas, and the change of amount will change these functions,
too. When you change Molar Weight, Mass of Gas
will change correspondingly. Mass of gas will also change when
chemical quantity changed.

Special Heat will help you calculate the Energy
Change (Du=nCv(T2-T1)),
Enthalpy Change (Dh=nCp(T2-T1))
or Entropy Change (Ds=nCv(lnP2-lnP1)+nCp(lnv2</s

ub>-lnv1))
between two statees. Isochoric Special Heat (Cv) and Isobaric
Heat (Cp) will change according to each other by the
equation Cp=Cv+R. Gas Constant (R) is
unchangeable. You can also get two and Process Functions:
Heat and Work, according to the following
formulae:

<table border="0" width="100%">
<table border="0" width="100%">
 <tr>
 <td align="center"><table border="1">
 <tr>
 <td width="16%">Process</td>
 <td width="38%">Equation</td>
 <td width="23%">Heat</td>
 <td width="23%">Work</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td width="16%">Isobaric</td>
 <td width="38%">P1=P2</td>
 <td width="23%">q=nCp(T2-T1)</td>
 <td width="23%">w=-nR(T2-T1)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td width="16%">Isochoric</td>
 <td width="38%">v1=v2</td>
 <td width="23%">q=nCv(T2-T1)</td>
 <td width="23%">w=0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td width="16%">Isothermal</td>
 <td width="16%">Isothermal</td>
 <td width="38%">T1=T2
 (P1v1=P2v2)</td>
 <td width="23%">q=nCvT(lnv2-lnv1)</td>
 <td width="23%">w=nCvT(lnP2-lnP1)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td width="16%">Adiabatic</td>
 <td width="38%">s1=s2

(CvlnP1+Cplnv1=CvlnP2+Cplnv2)</td

>
 <td width="23%">q=0</td>
 <td width="23%">w=nCv(T2-T1)</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a>

<hr>
<hr>

<h2><a name="Balance_of_Gases"></a>3. Chemical Balance of Gases</h2>

To build a Chemical Equation, you must input the Reacted
Matters and Generated Matters and their quantities.
If one of the matters is gas, you must click the Check Box.
To know their Enthalpy Change, Entropy Change
and Free Energy Change, you must tell the program Standard
Enthalpies of Formation and Standard Entropies of
every matter. If you know their Standard Free Energies of
Formation only to get free energy change, you can input all of
the standard free energies of formation into blanks where
standard enthalpies of formation are required and make all of the
standard entropies zero.

The Balance Constant can automatically be calculated
according to free energy change but it is changeable if you know
balance constant and don't know free energy change. If you change
balance constant, it will no longer be dependent to free energy
change.

To balance a reaction under constant pressure, you must tell
To balance a reaction under constant pressure, you must tell
program the pressure, the quantity matters before reaction. The
quantity can be calculated by Mole, if you know their
chemical quantity, and can be calculated by volume units such as
Liters,
Cubic Meters or Milliliters, if you know their
volume under that pressure. If only reacted matters or only
generated matters are gases, don't use this program because the
pressure will not change. Push React Button and you will
get the result including the balanced matters and energy change
of the whole reaction.

You can also balance a reaction under constant volume such as
a reaction of vaporization. If you give the program enthalpies
and entropies of every matter, you can get the vapor pressure. If
you change temperature, vapor pressure will change.

<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a>

<hr>

<h2><a name="Solution_Calculator"></a>4. Solution Calculator</h2>

There are at least four types of consistence in solution
calculation: Weight Percentage (P), Volume
Consistence (C), Mass Consistence (M) and Molar
Percentage (X). This program helps you convert these
consistence to each other, but you must know the Density
(D), Molar Weight of Solution Matter (WM) and
Solution
Solvent (WS). If one of them changed, others will change
according to the following formulae:

<table border="0">
 <tr>
 <td align="center"><table border="1">
 <tr>
 <td align="center"> </td>
 <td align="center">Weight Percentage</td>
 <td align="center">Volume Consistence</td>
 <td align="center">Mass Consistence</td>
 <td align="center">Molar Percentage</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td align="center">Weight Percentage</td>
 <td align="center">Weight Percentage</td>
 <td align="center"> </td>
 <td align="center"><img src="C2P.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"><img src="M2P.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"><img src="X2P.GIF"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td align="center">Volume Consistence</td>
 <td align="center"><img src="P2C.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"> </td>
 <td align="center"><img src="M2C.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"><img src="X2C.GIF"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td align="center">Mass Consistence</td>
 <td align="center"><img src="P2M.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"><img src="C2M.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"> </td>
 <td align="center"><img src="X2M.GIF"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td align="center">Molar Percentage</td>
 <td align="center"><img src="P2X.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"><img src="P2X.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"><img src="C2X.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"><img src="M2X.GIF"></td>
 <td align="center"> </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </td>
 </tr>
</table>

This program also helps you calculate solution Vapor
Pressure if you give vapor pressure of pure matters. If you
want to make a solution (Solution B) by mixing two solutions (A
and C), this program will tell you volume ratio and weight ratio
of A and C. You can know how much solution A and solution C you
need if you give the amount of solution B, in volume or in
weight.

<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a>
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