Chemistry 版 (精华区)
发信人: zjliu (秋天的萝卜), 信区: Chemistry
标 题: Some Like It Pink
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Tue Mar 30 20:05:15 2004), 站内信件
Some Like It Pink
PhotoDisc
Margaret Hill
If animals could express feelings about colors, flamingos might be expected to
favor pink. Shrimp, on the other hand, might loathe the rosy color. After all
, their drab gray-blue exoskeletons turn bright pink when the little crustacea
ns meet their doom in the cook pot.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/10803983514.jpg
Hypothetical emotions aside, shrimp and flamingos have a lot in common with re
gard to their pink exteriors. Not only are their pink pigmentations chemically
similar, but both creatures acquire their pastel coloration the same way: The
y are pink because they eat pink.
As aquatic filter feeders, flamingos and shrimp consume tiny marine algae and
plankton that are rich in pigments called carotenoids. This food source is so
rich in color that carotenoids account for roughly 3% of the dry biomass of th
ese microflora. Once consumed by the larger animals, the pigments are actively
absorbed and distributed in feathers, skin, beaks, and exoskeletons.
Shrimp preferentially accumulate astaxanthin (below), a brilliant red caroteno
id. But before it is deposited in the crustacean’s exoskeleton, astaxanthin c
ombines with a protein to form a complex called astatin. As part of this compl
ex, the pigment’s light absorption properties shift, resulting in a color cha
nge to gray-blue.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/10803984705.jpg
This means that long before they make any one-way trips to the neighborhood ca
tering kitchen, these crustaceans are packing in the pink—and resetting it as
gray-blue. Cooking raises the temperature of the shrimp high enough to uncoil
the protein, release the astaxanthin, and unmask its original color in the pr
ocess. Then, because it is distributed throughout the translucent exoskeleton
and white flesh of a shrimp, this free form of astaxanthin appears more pink t
han red.
Flamingo pink is similar but less complicated. Rather than being tucked away i
n protein complexes, the free carotenoid pigments are deposited directly withi
n flamingo feathers, visible to any flamingo watchers. A single carotenoid, ca
nthaxanthin (below), accounts for the pink color expressed in these birds.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/10803985036.jpg
Structurally, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin are oxygenated versions of ß
-carotene, the pigment that supplies color to carrots and pumpkins. Carotenes
(of which ß-carotene is one example) are made up of long hydrocarbon cha
ins with characteristic alternating double and single bonds, and they contain
no oxygen.
Metabolic reactions that introduce oxygen groups into this basic hydrocarbon c
ore produce an even greater array of structures. In all, more than 600 natural
ly occurring carotenoids, a compound category that includes all of the caroten
es and their oxygenated derivatives, provide a profusion of reds, oranges, and
yellows to color our world.
Carotenoid display by animals is not limited to flamingos and shrimp. Birds su
ch as goldfinches, orioles, and cardinals owe their colorful plumages to carot
enoids. Lobsters and crabs, as well as some mollusks, worms, and fish species
(salmon and trout, for example), use carotenoid colorants. Mammals that accumu
late carotenoids in their tissues include primate and feline species.
But making these pigments from scratch is not a talent that any of these anima
ls can claim. Carotenoids are produced exclusively by organisms equipped with
photosynthetic centers: plants, algae, fungi, and photosynthetic bacteria and
plankton. Certain animals can do limited interconversions of one pigment to an
other, but they have to start with some diet-supplied carotenoid to get this p
rocess going.
Take away carotenoid sources from flamingos, and eventually the birds stop pro
ducing pink feathers. As they periodically shed and replace their feathers, th
e flamingoes gradually turn a light gray color. Because flamingos are dependen
t on dietary sources for their pigmentation, it’s typical for zoos to mix a c
arotenoid-based supplement into the flamingo feed. Farm-raised salmon are also
fed a dietary supplement that keeps them in the pink—a pale appearance just
doesn’t inspire consumer confidence in the quality of the meat otherwise.
Of course, if they could, more than a few shrimp and salmon would love a pale
and unappetizing color—provided it kept the caterers away.
This article first appeared on March 22, 2004.
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