Chemistry 版 (精华区)
发信人: loafer (快乐的化身), 信区: Chemistry
标 题: Translation 09/28-from Scientific American(zz)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sat Oct 4 20:27:41 2003), 站内信件
Translation 09/28-from Scientific American
发信站: 北大未名站 (2003年09月29日12:40:21 星期一) , 站内信件
What is chemiluminescence?
Valerie
Greenville, Tex.
Joseph Merola, a professor of chemistry and associate dean for research and o
utreach for the College of Arts and Sciences at Virginia Tech, explains:
To explain this phenomenon, we might first break down its name and look at th
e meaning of its pieces. The first, chemi, means that it has to do with chemi
cals, and the second, luminescence, that it gives off light. Put together the
n, chemiluminescence means giving off light via a chemical reaction. To fully
understand this definition, though, it is useful to back up and ask what cau
ses the luminescence with which we are most familiar: the light from a lightb
ulb.
In an incandescent lightbulb, an electric current is passed through a filamen
t, or thin metal wire. Because there is some resistance to the current flow,
the filament gets quite hot, causing the metal's electrons to become "excited
," or enter a higher energy state. When the electrons relax to their normal,
or ground, state, they release this excess energy in the form of light. But i
n this particular process, the metal remains a metal; it does not undergo a c
hemical change.
A chemical change, on the other hand, occurs when a molecule's bonds are actu
ally altered. For example, the reaction between hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2)
to form water (H2O) is an example of a chemical change, because the H-H bond
in H2 and the O-O bond in O2 are broken when new H-O bonds are formed to mak
e H2O. For the most part, when chemicals undergo change in this way, the reac
tions either give off (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) heat. The H2 plus
O2 reaction is exothermic.
That said, there are a few very intriguing kinds of chemical reactions in whi
ch the energy produced is given off not as heat but as light. These reactions
are what we term chemiluminescent, or in living organisms, bioluminescent. T
he most familiar terrestrial example of this "cold light" takes place in the
common firefly. In the firefly, an enzyme called luciferase (a name meaning "
light-bearing") triggers a reaction that produces energy emitted as light--th
e flashing beacon from the insect's lower abdomen.
Chemiluminescence is also found in some fungi and earthworms. It is most comm
on, however, in the oceans, where many organisms, from fish to worms living a
t great depths, have glowing organs. Chemists have exploited these light-emit
ting reactions as markers in a large number of laboratory and clinical tests.
The same reaction produces the light from emergency "light sticks" sold to c
ampers and the glowing necklaces seen at concerts and sporting events.
Answer posted on April 19, 1999
Virginia 理工文理学院副院长,化学教授Joseph Merola说道:为了解释这一现象,我们
不妨先就字面一分为二,逐一分析。第一个词是化学(chemi),意思是这一现象与某些
化学物质有关。第二词是发光(luminescence), 意思是发射出光线。合二为一,化学发
光就是指经过某一化学反应会发出光线来。若要进一步深入了解,我们不妨返璞归真,研
究一下我们最熟悉的现象:为什么灯泡会发光呢?
在一个白炽灯灯泡中,电流经过灯丝或细的金属丝。由于电阻的作用,灯丝发出大量热,
这些热量使金属中的电子变为“活跃分子”,或者进入高能激发态。当电子回到原状或是
基态,它们要以光的形式把多余的能量释放出去。在这个特别的过程中,金属始终洁身自
好,保持原样,并不参与任何化学变化。
另一方面,关于化学变化指的是分子间的键真正被改变的变化。比如,氢气和氧气反应生
成水就是一个典型的化学变化。因为氢气中的H-H键和氧气中的O-O键都断裂了,并生成
新的H-O键而形成水。对大多数历经此径的化合物来说,反应或是放热的,或是吸热的。
氢气和氧气的反应就是放热的。
事实上,有一些神秘的化学反应不是以热,,而是以光的形式放出能量。这些反应就是所
谓的化学发光。对活体而言就是生物发光。最普遍熟稔的例子就是普通的萤火虫发出的“
冷光”。萤火虫体内有一种酶叫发光酶,它会催化反应产生能量。
一些细菌和土生蠕虫也有化学发光现象。众所周知,从鱼类到深海的软体动物,许多海洋
生物都有发光器官。通过许多实验室和生理测试中,化学家已经将这种发光现象作为一种
标记进行开发应用。无论是市售的露营紧急发光棒,还是音乐会或体育赛场常见的发光项
链,类似的化学反应发光都灼灼可见。
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